17. Acute myelogenous leukemia
3.5 por 100.000
Male preponderance
Increases with age (10x more frequent in older than 65)
Hereditary: 21+, Fanconi, Bloom, ATM, Kostman, p53,
RunX1, C/EBP alfa
Preleukemic blood conditions: MDS/MPS
1
2
3
4
5
Introduction
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
18. Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Radiation
Chemicals: Benzene, a solvent used in the chemical,
plastic, rubber, pharmaceutical industries. Petroleum
products, paint, embalming fluids, ethylene oxide,
herbicides, and pesticides
Drugs: Alkylating agents, topo II inhibitors, other anti
cancer agents, chloramphenicol, phenyl butazone,
chloroquine, methoxypsoralen
1
2
3
Introduction
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
19. Acute myeloid leukemia
WHO classification of AML
Morphology, Immunophenotype, Clinical, Cytogenetics and Molecular
More than 20% of myeloid blast in the bone marrow
With recurrent genetic abnormalities: t(8;21)/RUNX1, inv(16), t(16;16),
t(15;17)/PML/RARA, 11q (MLL)
AML with myelodysplasia-related changes: post MDS, post MDS/MPD, sin MDS
Therapy-related myeloid neoplasm
1
2
3
AML, not otherwise specified (AML with minimal differentiation, AML without
maturation, AML with maturation, Acute myelomonocytic leukemia, Acute monoblastic
and monocytic leukemia, Acute Erythroid leukemia, Acute Megakaryocytic leukemia,
Acuta basophilic leukemia, Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis
4
Other:
Myeloid sarcoma
Myeloid proliferations related to Down syndrome
Blastic plasmocytoid dendritic neoplasm
5
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
20. Page 20
Hematopoietic SC
Epigenetic deregulation
Mutations in DNMT3A, ASXL1, IDH2, and TET2
Preleukemic SC
Further mutations
AML
21. Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Blasts: CD13+, CD33+
Megakariocytes: CD41+/CD61+
APL
t(15;17)
PML/RARA rearrangements
Core Binding Factor (CBF) AML
t(8;21)(q22;q22), Inv(16)(p13,1q22),
t(16;16)(p13.1;q22)
Fusion product RUNX1-RUNX1T1
CBFB-MYH11
t(15;17) with APL, Inv(16) with abnormal
eosinophils, t(8;21) with slender Auer rods,
expression of CD19, and increased normal
eosinophils , t(9;22), t(11…) with abnormal
monocytes
PML/RARA
RUNX1-RUNX1T1…t(8:21)
CBFB-MYH11… inv(16) or t(16;16)
MLLT3-MLL… t(9;11)
DEK-NUP214… t(6;9)(p23;q34)
FLT3 ITD (prognostic in normal karyotype AML)
AML with mutated NPM1
AML with mutated CEBPA
Immuophenotype, genetics, chromosomes and molecular classification
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
23. Döhner H et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1136-1152.
Frequency and Clinical Significance of Recurrent Gene Mutations in Adults
with AML.
24. Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Chromosome findings at diagnosis
are the most important independent
prognostic factors in AML
Prognostic factors
t(15;16)
RUNX1-RUNX1T1
t(8;21)
Inv(16)
CN-AML
Complex karyotype
t(6;9), inv(3), -5, -7, abn(17p)
t(v;11)(v;q23)
MLL rearranged, RPN1-EVI1
Monosomal karyotype
NPM1 mutations (without FLT3 mutations)
CEBPA mutations
FLT3 mutations (with or without NPM1 mutation)
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
25. Smith ML, et al. Blood Rev. 2011;25:39-51.
Independent Prognostic
Variables in AML
MRC/NCRI AML Trials: OS
100
80
40
20
0
0 1 2
PatientsAlive(%)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t(15;17) (n = 330)
t(8;21) (n = 247)
inv(16)/t(16;16) (n = 154)
CEBPα biallelic (n = 47)
FLT3-ITD WT/NPM1 mut (n = 248)
Other intermediate (n = 471)
FLT3-ITD mut/NPM1 WT (n = 100)
Other adverse (n = 130)
76%
58%
52%
51%
26%
11%
Yrs From Entry
60
26.
27. Acute myeloid leukemia
Adverse prognostic factors
- Age
- Prolonged cytopenias
- Treatment-related AML
- Low PS
- High blodd leukocyte count
- Hyperleukocytosis
- CNS bleeding
- Pulmonary leukostasis
Achievemente of CR is
associated with a good
prognosis
- ANC greater than 1000
- Platelet greater than 100.000
- No circulating blasts
- BM blasts less than 5%
- Absence of extramedullary
leukemia
Page 27
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
28. Kantarjian H, et al. Cancer. 2010;21:4896-4901.
Survival in AML by Time Period
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
SurvivalProbability
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yrs
1980-Present Age
< 60
≥ 60
Total
1920
1769
Died
1265
1519
Median, Mos
17.5
6.2
5 Yrs, %
30
8
P < .001
8
29. Acute myeloid leukemia: symptoms
Nearly half have had symptoms for less than 3 months
Fatigue (half)
Anorexia & weight loss
Fever (10%)
Abnormal hemostasis: bleeding / bruising (5%)
Bone pain
Lymphadenopathy
Tumor mass of myeloid blasts
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
30. Acute myeloid leukemia: signs
Fever
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Sternal tenderness
Infection
Hemorrhage
Retinal hemorrhage (15%)
GI Bleeding
Pulmonary bleeding
CNS bleeding
Infiltration of the skin, gingivae, soft tissues, meninges (monoblastic
leukemia and those with 11q23 chromosomal abnormalities
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
31. Acute myeloid leukemia: hematologic findings
Anemia
Normocytic normochromic
Reduced reticulocyte count
Accelerated RBC destruction
Active blood loss
Leukocyte count abnormalities
Median leukocyte count at presentation: 15.000
Leukopenia in 25-40%
Leukocytosis greater than 100.000 in 25%
Peripheral leukocyte abnormalities
Seen in 95%.
Primary nonspecific granules
Fine, lacy chromatin
One or more nucleoli
Auer rods
Thrombocytopenia
Found in 75%
25% have less than 25.000
Abnormal shapes
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
32. Acute myeloid leukemia: pretreatment evaluation
PS
Dentition/Retinal evaluation
BM aspirate / biospsy
- Morphology
- Cytogenetics (Karyotype)
- Flow-cytometry
- Molecular studies
Overall functional integrity of:
- CV: Echocardiography
- Pulmonary
- Hepatic
- Renal
- Viral serology (CMV, HSV-1, varicella-zoster)
AML cytogenetics and molecular markers
Rule-out infection
RBC type and screen
Address anemia and thrombocytopenia
- Clotting studies
- Consider platelet transfusion if bleeding
About 50% have high serum uric acid
- Allopurinol
- Hydration
HLA testing for possible allogeneic HSCT
Placement of CVA device
Lumbar puncture if CNS symptoms
Spinal MRI if back pain
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
33. Diagnosis AML
CBF AML Low-Risk CN-AML High-Risk AML
Daunorubicin-
Cytarabine
induction
chemotherapy
Daunorubicin-
Cytarabine
induction
chemotherapy
Daunorubicin-
Cytarabine
induction
chemotherapy
CR CR CR
High-dose
cytarabine
Autologous HSCT Allogenic HSCT
No CR/Relapsed No CR/Relapsed No CR/Relapsed
Re-induction,
followed by
Allogeneic HSCT
Re-induction,
followed by
Allogeneic HSCT
Palliative
35. Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Older than 60 may not tolerate induction classic
induction chemotherapy
Daunorubicin 45 mg/m2
Single-agent Clofarabine or Azacytidine
are used
FLT3 inhibitors appear promising (quizartinib)
Gemtuzumab-ozogamicin useful in CBF
leukemia
Gemtuzumab-ozogamicin reduces relapse and
increases survival when combined with
chemotherapy in patients (young and all)
WITHOUT poor prognostic cytogenetics.
If after induction chemotherapy, leukemic
cells are present in the BM, consider 5+2
reinduction (prognosis is poorer, though).
Other considerations about induction chemotherapy
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
36. HD-Ara-C
2-4 cycles of HiDAC in younger (less than 60) AML patients
Cytarabine 3000 mg/m2, q12h, days 1, 3 and 5
Cytarabine
Hematologic
Neutropenia
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Mucositis
Pulmonary toxicity
Irreversible cerebellar toxicity
2-4 cycles of HiDAC in younger (less than 60) AML patients
Cytarabine 1000-1500 mg/m2, q12h, days 1, 2, 3
2-4 cycles of HiDAC in younger (less than 60) AML patients
Cytarabine 1000-1500 mg/m2, qd, days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
38. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
“CML is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder. The disease is
driven by de BCR-ABL1 chimeric gen product, a constitutively active
tyrosine kinase, resulting from a reciprocal balanced translocation
beween the long arms of chromosmes 9 and 22, t(9;22)(q34;q11.2),
cytogenetically detected as te Philadephia chromosome (Ph)”
Kantarjian H, Cortes J.
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
39. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
“Presence of BCR-ABL1 abnormality in a patient with a
myeloproliferative neoplasm”
Kantarjian H, Cortes J.
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
40. Anatomía patológica - Autopsia
Crisis blástica
Fase crónica
CML
Esplenomegalia masiva
Sangre blanca
Últimos meses de vida
Indistinguible de una leucemia
aguda
Fiebre, anemia, sangrado
Supervivencia de 2-4 años
Letal en 100%
Pocos años
Esplenomegalia masiva
Leucocitosis
No anemia, no trombocitopenia
Caracterización nosológica
41. Chronic myeloid leukemia
Incidence and epidemiology
- 15% of all cases of leukemia
- Median age at diagnosis is 55-65
- Only 3% younger than 20
- Incidence increases with age
- Incidence in the US: 1.5/100.000/yr
- Stable incidence in the US
- Worlwide incidence estimated at 100.000 cases/yr
- Prevalence in the US rising
- No familial clustering
- Only very-large radiation exposure appear to increase CML
45. BCR-ABL1 variants
BCR-ABL1 normal variant
- p210
- “Normal” CML
Centromeric BCR-ABL1 variant
- p190
- Common in Ph+ ALL
- Poorer prognosis in CML
Telomeric BCR-ABL1 variant
- P230
- AKA micro-BCR-ABL1
- More indolent course
Resistant BCR-ABL1 variants
- Several
- Usually become apparent after TKI therapy
- The most significant is the highly TKI-resistant T351I
46. Further molecular derangements p53, p16, RB, MYC, EV11
Multiple pathway activation
BCR-ABL1
+8, iso-17q and second Ph
Genomic instability
Leukocytosis
Splenomegaly
Proliferation
Chronic phase
Accelerated phase
Blastic crisis
47. CML: symptoms
In the US, 50-60% of patients are ASYMPTOMATIC
when diagnosed (routine lab tests)
In other parts of the world, patients present with high
CML burden
Splenomegaly
Anemia
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
Fatigue
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
48. CML: symptoms
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
Parameter Precentage
Over 60 yo 18
Female 45
Splenomegaly 30
Hepatomegaly 5
Lymphadenopathy 5
Hb less than 10 15
Platelets greater than 450 35
Plasteles less than 100 5
WBC greater than 50 40
BM blasts greater than 5% 5
BM basophils greater than 5% 15
PB blasts greater than 3% 10
PB basophils greater than 7% 10
Cytogenetic clonal evolution 5
Sokal low-risk 65
Sokal intermediate-risk 25
Sokal High-risk 10
56. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: bone marrow and
cytogenetics
Bone marrow
Should always be performed at diagnosis
Hypercellular
Marked myeloid hyperplasia
High myeloid to erythroid ratio (15-20:1)
BM blasts less than 5%
Increased reticulin stain
Cytogenetics
Documentation of t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) in 90%
Clonal evolution appears in 10% at diagnosis
Trisomy 8
A double pH
Isochromosome 17
17p deletion
20q-
FISH or PCR
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
57. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: response criteria
Complete hematologic response (CHR)
Normal CBC
Partial cytogenetic response
Ph+ metaphases in 35%, or less
Equivalent to BCR-ABL1 transcripts by the IS of 10% or less
Complete cytogenetic response (CCyR)
Cytogenetic (ie, karyotype) absence of Ph abnormality
Equivalent to BCR-ABL1 transcripts by the IS of 1% or less
Major molecular response (MMR)
Equivalent to BCR-ABL1 transcripts by the IS of 0.1% or less
Greater than a 3-log decrease in the BCR-ABL1 transcript
Complete molecular response (CMR)
Equivalent to BCR-ABL1 transcripts by the IS of 0.0032 or less
Greater than a 4.5-log decrease in the BCR-ABL1 transcript
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
58. Crisis Blastic crisis
PB or BM Blasts greater than 30%
Extramedullary involvement
May be myeloid or lymphoid, or other
Accelerated phase
PB blasts greater than 15%,
PB blasts + Promyelocytes greater than 30%
PB basophils greater than 20%,
Cytogenetic clonal evolution
Thrombocytopenia less than 100.000
Chronic phase
Leukocytosis
< 5% Blastos
< 15% Basophils
< 20% Blasts + Promyelocytes
Platelets > 100.000/mm3
60. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Prognosis for CML patients today are dependent on depth of response
to TKI therapy.
Kantarjian H, Cortes J.
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
61.
62. Anti-BCR-ABL1 TKI
- Imatinib
- First generation
- Approved in chronic-, accelerated-, blastic- phase, salvage therapy
- Nilotinib
- Second generation (30 times more potent than imatinib)
- AE: Hyperglycemia, pancreatitis. LT: diabetes, vasoocclusive.
- Approved in chronic-, accelerated-, salvage therapy
- Dasatinib
- Second generation (300 times mor potent than imatinib)
- Dual SRC-ABL inhibition.
- AE: Pleural or pericardial effusions, myelosup.. LT: Pulmonary HTN
- Approved in chronic-, accelerated-, blastic- phase, salvage therapy
- Bosutinib
- Second generation (50 times mor potent than imatinib)
- Dual SRC-ABL inhibition.
- AE: Diarrhea
- Approved as salvage therapy
- Ponatinib
- Third generation. Higher toxicity including HTN, CV events
- Active against T351I mutation
Non-TKI protein synthesis inhibitor
- Omacetaxine
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Imatinib, dasastinib or nilotinib
Dasastinib, nilotinib, bosutinib or
ponatinib
First-line
Salvage
Ponatinib: T351I
TKI AEs
Well tolerated
SAEs in 5-10%
Fluid retention, weight gain, nausea,
diarrhea, skin rashes, periorbital edema,
bone or muscle aches, fatigue.
Nilotinib and dasatinib can cause QTc
prolongation
Chronic toxicities: renal dysfunction (all,
3%), pulmonary hypertension (dasatinib),
arterial hypertension (ponatinib), diabetes
and hyperglycemia (nilotinib), vasoocclusive
complications (nilotinib, ponatinib)
Theratogenic (3/125).
63. Allogeneic HSCT is curative in CML
1-year treatment-related mortality of
5-30%
Futher 10-15% die of subtle
complications over the years
- Chronic GVHD
- Second malignancies
- Organ dysfunction
Other AEs
- Infertility
- Cataract formation
- Hip necrosis
- Chronic immune related
complications
Allogeneic HSCT in Chronic myeloid leukemia
Harrison’s, 19th Ed.
64. Allogeneic HSCT in Chronic myeloid leukemia
CML phase Use of TKI Allo-SCT
Accelerated or blastic Interim therapy to achieve
minimal CML burden
As soon a possible
(exception: de novo
accelerated phase)
Imatinib failure in chronic
phase; T351I mutation
Ponatinib to achieve
minimal CML burden
Depends on LT follow-up
Imatinib failure on chronic
phase; no clonal evolution;
no mutations; good initial
response
Second-line TKI long-term Third-line after second-line
TKI failures
Imatinib failure in chronic
phase; clonal evolution or
mutations or no cytogenetic
response to second-line
TKI
Interim therapy to achieve
minimal CML burden
Second-line
Olter patients after imatinib
failures in chronic phase
Salvage TKIs as longer-
term therapy
May forgo Allogeneic SCT
in favor of good QoL
Harrison’s, 19th Ed.
65. Chronic phase CML
Imatinib 400 mg QD,
No CHR at 3 months
(BCR-ABL > 10% a 3 months)
Consider
Dasatinib / Nilotinib
BCR-ABL > 10% at 6mo
BCR-ABL > 0.1% at 12mo
Consider
Dasatinib / Nilotinib
No
Yes
Si
No (continue Imatinib)
Continue Imatinib
66. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
“Achievement of complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) by 12 months
of imatinib (or in 3-6 months with nilotinib/dasatinib) therapy and its
persistence later, the only consistent prognostic factor associated
with survival is the main therapeutic endpoint in CML”
Both molecular and cytogenetic (ie, FISH) are used frequently until
CCyR is achieved.
“Earlier response has been identified as a prognostic factor for LT
outcome, including partial cytogenetic response by 3-6 monts of
therapy (BCR-ABL1 transcripts less than 10%)”.
Kantarjian H, Cortes J.
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
69. Lymphoid malignancies
Malignancies of the lymphoid cells range from the most indolent to most
aggressive human malignancies.
These cancers arise from cells of the immune system at differnt stages of
differentiation, resulting in a wide-range of conditions.
Some malignancies of the lymphoid cells almost always present as
leukemia (ie, primary involvement of BM and blood). While others presenta
as lymphomas (ie, solid tumors of the immune system). However, other
malignancies may present as either leukemia or lymphoma.
The presentation may vary over time: leukemia to lymphoma, lymphoma to
leukemia.
Harrisons’s, 19th Ed.
70. Evolution of lymphoid cancer classification: leukemias
Page 70
Leukemia vs
Lymphoma
Acute vs chronic
leukemias (based on OS)
CML vs CLL:
Based on Morphology
CLL-like spectrum
AML vs ALL:
IHC stains
ALL subdivisions:
Morphology
FAB: L1, L2, L3
B or T
Cytogenetics
CLL
B-Prolymphcytic L
Lymphoplasmocytic L
SMZL, NMZL
HCL
MCL
FL
Sézary’s S
Smoldering adult TCL/L
71. Evolution of lymphoid cancer classification: lymphomas
Page 71
Leukemia vs
Lymphoma
Hodgkin vs NHL:
Sternberg-Reed cells
NHL morpholoy
NHL
Immunologic
Hodgkin’s L
WHO
Clinical
Clinical
Immunologic
Genetic
74. Desarrollo de los linfocitos B
Progenitores B Célula B naive
CD5 – Célula B
Centro germinal
Manto
Plasmocitos
Células B memoria
75. Neoplasias de linfocitos B
Progenitores B Célula B naive
CD5 – Célula B
Centro germinal
Manto
Plasmocitos
Células B memoria
Leucemia Linfoide Aguda
Linfoma Linfoblástico
Leucemia Linfoide Crónica
Linfoma del manto
Mieloma
82. YOUR LOGO
Page 82
Translocaciones citogenéticas en
malignidades linfoides
Entidad Translocación Oncogen
CLL / Linfoma de linfocitos pequeños t(14;15) -
Linfoma del Manto t(11;18) API2/MALT, bcl10
Precursor B – ALL
t(9;22)
t(4;11)
BCR/ABL
AF4, ALL1
Precursor – ALL
t(9;22)
t(1;19)
t(17;19)
t(5;14)
BCR/ABL
E2A, PBX
HLF, E2A
HOX1IL12, CTIP2
Linfoma del Manto t(11;14) BCL-1/IgH
Linfoma folicular t(14;18) BCL-2/IgH
Linfoma difuso de células grandes
t(3;-)
t(17;-)
BCL-6
p53
Burkitt t(8;-) C-MYC
Linfoma de células grandes anaplásico CD30+ t(2;5) ALK
Linfoma linfoplasmocitoide t(9;14) PAX, IgH
83. Precursor cell B-cell neopasms: Precursor B-Cell
ALL/Lymphoblastic lymphoma
Most common cancer in children
Precursor B-Cell lymphoblastic
lymphoma is rare.
Pre-B cell origin
Small cells, scant blue cytoplasm, relatively uniform in size and
appearance (FAB L1)
85. Precursor cell B-cell neopasms: Precursor B-Cell
ALL/Lymphoblastic lymphoma
Treatment
- Remision induction
- Consolidation therapy
- CNS prophylaxis
- Maintenance chemotherapy
Lymphoblastic lymphoma should
be treated as an ALL.
HyperCVAD HD-Mtx/Ara-C HyperCVAD HD-Mtx/Ara-C HyperCVAD HD-Mtx/Ara-C HyperCVAD HD-Mtx/Ara-C
5-6 months
POMP: Prednisone, Vincristine, Mercaptopurine and Methotrexate x2-3 years
86. Page 86
Tratamiento de Pre B ALL
Inducción &
Consolidación
∼ 6 meses de quimioterapia intensiva (Doxorrubicina / Vincristina /
Esteroides / Metotrexate / Citarabina) + Rituximab (si CD20+, Burkitt)
Profilaxis CNS
Quimioterapia intratecal (metotrexate / citarabina) +/-
Radioterapia profiláctica
Mantenimiento
> 2 años de quimioterapia de mantenimiento (Vincristina / Esteroides /
Mercaptopurina / Metotrexate).
Pronóstico
Niños: 90% curados
Adultos: 50% supervivientes a largo plazo
> Anormalidades citogenéticas
Menos disciplina en el tratamiento
Diferentes fases
87. Mature (peripheral) B-Cell neoplasms: B-Cell Chroni
Lymphoid leukemia / Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
The most common lymphoid
leukemia
Accounts for 7% of NHL
Increased circulating B-
lymphocytes expressing CD5
89. Page 89
CLL / Linfoma linfocítico de células
pequeñas
Hallazgo incidental
Linfocitosis ≥
4k/mm3
Monoclonal
CD5+
Trisomía 12 (25-30%
pacientes)
Anormalidades en
cromosoma 13
Confirmación en
médula ósea (más
importante si el
diagnóstico inicial es
linfoma)
Clínica
L. Folicular
L. Zona Marginal
L. Manto
Tricoleucemia
L. Prolinfocítica
L. Linfoplasmocítico
Sindrome de Sézary
L. Linfoma de células T
del adulto
Hematopatología
Diagnóstico diferencial
Fatiga / infecciones
Linfadenopatía
Anemia autoinmune
Trombocitopenia inmune
Aplasia pura roja
Esplenomegalia
Pronóstico adverso
Inmunoglobulina no
mutada
CD38+
ZAP-70
Otras presentaciones
CLL es la leucemia linfoide más común
Pronóstico
103. Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL)
Make up less than 1% of NHL in the US
Can account for up to 30% of NHL in the pediatric population
Burkitt’s leukemia or ALL L3 is also an unusual disease
Diagnosis based on a characteristic chromosomal translocation t(8;14)
- IgH gene and Myc
- Variants involving the light-chains genes are also found in some BL patients
- sIg expression is virtually universal
- CD20+
- Proliferative fraction approach 100% (very high Ki67)
BL variants
- Endemic
- Sporadic
- Epidemic (HIV-associate)
Page 103
105. Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL)
Clinical presentation
- Peripheral lymphadenopathy or an intraabdominal mass.
- Explosive growth.
- Early CNS involvement.
- Most rapidly progressing human tumor.
Treatment
- Like other ALL
- Rituximab + HyperCVAD or R-EPOCH achieve cure rates in the 70-80% range
- Tumor lysis syndrome is exceedingly frequent and can be fatal.
- CNS prophylaxis must be applied.
Page 105
107. Follicular lymphoma (FL)
Make up 22% of NHL and 30% of NHL in the US.
Can be accurately be diagnosed with morphology-only criteria.
Small cleaved and large cells in varying proportions organized in a follicular pattern
of growth.
- Confirmed with B-cell immunophenotype
- t(14;18) – BCL-2 protein
Presenting symptom
- Painless lymphadenopathy
- Atypical LN involvement can occur
- Any organ can be infiltrated
- IPI 0-1 in 50%
- B-symptoms are rare
Histologic transformation to Diffuse Large B-Cell lymphoma
- Occur 7%/year
- B-symptoms and LN growth
- Poor prognosis
- Less frequent in the R-CHOP / R-Bendamustine, Rituximab maintenance era
Page 107
111. Follicular Lymphoma (FL)
Highly responsive to chemo or radiation therapy
Transient spontaneous regression in up to 25%.
Watchful/waitinig may be an option
First-line therapy
- Chlorambucil or Cyclophosphamide
- CVP or CHOP
- Very high RR (75%)
- 20% have long-lasting remissions
- IF RT may be an option for localized (stage I) FL
- R-CHOP (ORR: 85) with 6-7 yr DOR
- R-Bendamustin appear to be at least as effective as R-CHOP
- Maintenance intermittent Rituximab increases EFS (no clear impact on OS).
Second-line therapy
- Rituximab (ORR: 35-50%)
- Radiolabeled antibodies (ORR greater than 50%)
- Autologous HSCT and Allogeneic HSCT have shown good results in relapsed FL.
FL with Larg-Cell component
- Should be treated with R-CHOP, followed by maintenance Rituximab with good ORR, OS.
114. Linfoma difuso de células
grandes fenotipo B (DLBCL)
Generalidades
DLBCL es el linfoma no Hodgkin más frecuente en la
población occidental
Aproximadamente 30% de los linfomas
Es agresivo (sin tratamiento tiene una expectativa de vida
de un año, aprox.)
Es CD20+
Debe recibir tratamiento anti CD20 como el Rituximab
118. DLBCL
Subtipos
Por GEP:
GCB (germinal center B-cell)
ABC (activated b-cell)
Por FISH:
Double hit (c-Myc+ más bcl2+ o bcl6+)
10% de los DLBCL
Pésimo pronóstico con R-CHOP
Implicaciones terapéuticas y pronósticas
129. DLBCL
Tratamiento
Quimioterapia + anti CD20 por 6-8 ciclos (4-5 meses)
ie, R-CHOP21 (cada 21)
Considerar radioterapia a campo comprometido si X (Voluminoso)
GCB mejor pronóstico que ABC, pero tratamiento igual
Double-hit deben recibir esquemas de mayor intensidad
Ie, R-EPOCH o R-HiperCVAD
130. DLBCL
Quimioterapia con Rituximab x4 ciclos
Evaluación de respuesta con TAC o RM
Respuesta completa (CR) Respuesta parcial (PR) Estabilidad o progresión
2 ciclos de QT adicionales 2 ciclos de QT adicionales
Rescate
CR por TAC/RM
2 ciclos de QT
adicionales
No CR por TAC/RM
PET-CT 6-8 semanas post Rx
(Incluyendo RT, si aplica)
CMR (PET-CT negativo): FIN No CMR (PET-CT+)
131. DLBCL
Quimioterapia con Rituximab x4 ciclos
Evaluación de respuesta con TAC o RM
Respuesta completa (CR) Respuesta parcial (PR) Estabilidad o progresión
2 ciclos de QT adicionales 2 ciclos de QT adicionales
Rescate
CR por TAC/RM
2 ciclos de QT
adicionales
No CR por TAC/RM
PET-CT 6-8 semanas post Rx
(Incluyendo RT, si aplica)
CMR (PET-CT negativo): FIN No CMR (PET-CT+)
132. Rescate (salvage) en DLBCL
Refractarios primarios Recaídas
Quimioterapia rescate con Rituximab x2-4 ciclos
ie, R-ICE, R-DHAP, R-ESHAP, etc
Evaluación de respuesta con TAC o RM
Respuesta parcial o completa Estabilidad o progresión
PaliativoTrasplante de médula ósea autólogo
133. Rescate (salvage) en DLBCL
Refractarios primarios Recaídas
Quimioterapia rescate con Rituximab x2-4 ciclos
ie, R-ICE, R-DHAP, R-ESHAP, etc
Evaluación de respuesta con TAC o RM
Respuesta parcial o completa Estabilidad o progresión
PaliativoTrasplante de médula ósea autólogo
Recaídas quimiosensibles
134. ASCT en DLBCL
• ASCT es Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (Trasplante
de células madres autólogo)
• El ASCT es una estrategia para rescatar al paciente de la
mielotoxicidad severa que surge al administrar
quimioterapia de ALTAS DOSIS (High-Dose Chemotherapy,
HDCT)
– La quimioterapia de altas dosis busca curar al paciente
con DLBCL
135. HDCT-ASCT en DLBCL
Recaídas quimiosensibles
Pacientes en buenas condiciones generales (FIT) con DLBCL con:
R-IPI al diagnóstico de alto riesgo
Consolidación, luego de R-quimioterapia
Con DLBCL “double-hit”
Posiblemente…
136. HDCT-ASCT: proceso
Quimioterapia de movilización
Para estimular circulación de células madres hematopoyéticas
Usualmente Ciclofosfamida + G-CSF
Aferesis
Para la recolección de las células madres hematopoyéticas
Usualmente 1 o 2 sesiones
Se almacenan las células madres (con criopreservación)
Quimioterapia de altas dosis (o de acondicionamiento, “conditioning regime”)
La quimioterapia mieloablativa con actividad anti-DLBLC
Usualmente BEAM
Administrada en Unidad de Trasplante de Médula Ósea
Quimioterapia de movilización
Para la recolección de las células madres hematopoyéticas
Usualmente Ciclofosfamida + G-CSF
137. HDCT-ASCT: proceso
Infusión de células madres
Trasplante propiamente dicho
Es AUTOTRASPLANTE
Soporte
Aislamiento estricto
G-CSF
Soporte trasfusional (productos irradiados / leucodepletados)
Manejo de mucositis, infecciones, etc.
Reconstitución hematológica (“pega del injerto”)
Se vuelve independiente de transfusión
Número mínimo aceptable de granulocitos/mm3
Alta de la unidad de trasplante
Control de las complicaciones
Control de las infecciones
Reconstitución hematológica
138. Sin HDCT-ASCT en DLBCL
en números burdos…
100 DLBCL
70 entran en CR con R-Quimioterapia inicial30 refractarios primarios
35 se curan35 recaída
6 se curan con CT de rescate
41% se curan
139. HDCT-ASCT en DLBCL en
números burdos…
100 DLBCL
70 entran en CR con R-Quimioterapia inicial30 refractarios primarios
35 se curan35 recaída
17 son quimiosensibles
Aprox. 47 HDCT-ASCT (Refractarios / Recaídas
quimiosensibles R-IPI alto, Double-Hit)
19 se curan 54% se curan
158. Qué esperar en HL?
Curación con Quimioterapia + Radioterapia convencionales80%
Recaída o Refractario a terapia inicial 20%
Curación post HDCT-ASCT 50% de las recaídas
Especialmente, quimiosensibles
160. Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL)
Make up 6% of NHL
Diagnosis based on a characteristic chromosomal translocation t(11;14)
- IgH gene and bcl1 (or Cyclin D1)
- CD5+ (like CLL)
Clinical features
- Palpable lymphadenopathy with systemic symptoms
- 70% present with stage IV at the time of diagnosis.
- GI involvement is almost universal (along with Waldeyer ring)
5yr OS
- High IPI score: 25%
- Low IPI score: 50%
Page 160
162. MCL
Inmunofenotipo:
CD20+, CD5+, CD23-, sIg+, cIg-, Bcl6-
Inmunoglobulina tipo M o D
Ciclina D1+
Predominio linfocitario nodular:
t(11;14)(q13;q32)
Yuxtapone los genes de Ciclina D1 y IgH
163. MIPI
Índice pronóstico internacional del MCL
1. Edad
2. Desempeño
3. Deshidrogenasa láctica
4. Recuento de leucocitos
5. Ki67 (adicionado luego, bMIPI)
Riesgo bajo, intermedio y alto
con mOS de 6, 4 y 2 años,
respectivamente
164. Grupos de MCL
MCL - indolentes
Pacientes FIT
Candidatos potenciales a trasplante
Pacientes no FIT
No candidatos a trasplante
No nodales, esplenomegalia + linfocitosis (curso similar a CLL indolente)
MCL Blastoide
Parecido a una leucemia aguda
165. Mantle Cell Lymphoma
• Indolent-MCL
• Splenomegaly and lymphocytosis
• Can be treated as CLL
• May be observed
• Consider Lenalidomide + Bortezomib
• Fit (transplant-elegible)
• R-CHOP alternating with DHAP, followed by autologous-HSCT
• RR: 90%
• Standard of care
• AutoBMT consolidation may not be required in low MIPI, low
Ki67, CR by PET-CT and MRD negative, p53wt.
• R-HyperCVAD/R-HD Mtx-Ara-C
• High TRM: 5%
• Unfit (transplant-inelegible)
• R-CHOP, followed by maintenance Rituximab
Peter Martin, MD – Personal communication
166. Mantle Cell Lymphoma
• Second-line
• Bortezomib
• Lenalidomide + Rituximab
• Temsirolimus
• Ibrutinib
• Standard second-line therapy
• Lymphocytosis caused by compartmental shift from the lymph nodes.
• Intracranial bleed and can be treated with dexamethasone.
• Diarrhea, early, mild, short-lived. May be avoided if ibrutinib taken at
night (after last meal).
• Rash, can be treated with steroids.
• Severe bleeding is rare.
• Atrial fibrillation occurs in up to 5%, risk increases with exposure.
• TLS is not an issue with ibutinib.
• Secondary malignancies are not more frequent than expected.
Peter Martin, MD – Personal communication
167. MCL
Principios de tratamiento
MCL indolentes pueden observarse
En ocasiones, no se requiere tratamiento
MCL Blastoide posiblemente requiera tratamiento más agresivo
Considerar Alotrasplante de médula luego de obtener la
primera remisión completa
MCL en pacientes No-FIT (no candidatos a trasplante), se benefician
de Quimioterapia + Rituximab
R-CHOP de inducción, seguido de Rituximab de mantenimiento
MCL en pacientes FIT (candidatos a trasplante):
Deben recibir Rituximab y Citarabina, entre otros
Quimioterapias tipo Leucemia Linfoide Aguda o
Quimioterapias de menor intensidad con consolidación con
trasplante autólogo (BEAM)
168. MCL en paciente FIT
R-CHOP alternando con R-HD Cytarabine x4 ciclos
Evaluación de respuesta con TAC o RM
Respuesta completa (CR) Respuesta parcial (PR) Estabilidad o progresión
2 ciclos de QT adicionales 2 ciclos de QT adicionales
Rescate
CR por TAC/RM
2 ciclos de QT adicionales
No CR por TAC/RM
Autotrasplante de médula ósea
169. Trasplante autólogo
• Objetivo
• Administrar quimioterapia de altas dosis
• Por su efecto anti neoplásico
• Rescatar al individuo con sus células madres
hematopoyéticas
• Previamente recolectadas
• Para evitar muerte por mielotoxicidad profunda de la
quimioterapia de altas dosis.
170. Page 170
Qué esperar en MCL?
Con terapia convencional (no trasplante) la supervivencia mediana de MCL es 3.5
años
– 60% de respuesta a QT de primera línea
– Duración de control de la enfermedad, 1-2 años
– Muerte post recaída, la regla
Las series que incorporan quimioterapias de altísima intensidad, Rituximab,
Citarabina y autotrasplante muestran mejores resultados
– Supervivencias libres de evento y OS a 3 años de 70-100%
El Alotrasplante en MCL tiene elevada mortalidad relacionada al tratamiento
– Se reserva sólo a casos de excepcional MAL pronóstico
171. Page 171
Qué esperar en MCL (2)?
Nuevos medicamentos han demostrado actividad anti MCL
– Ibrutinib
– Idelalisib
– Bortezomib
– Lenalidomida
– Temsirolimus
No sabemos si en el futuro sea mejor tratar a los pacientes con alguno de estos
medicamentos (o en combinación…) en vez de trasplante…
– Por ejemplo R-(X)-CHOP / R-(X)-DHAP, seguido por R-(X) de mantenimiento
• Donde X sería Ibrutinib, por ejemplo.
• Pero estoy especulando