This document analyzes different types of leaders in Canada and their ability to engage citizens in the political process. It examines political leaders like the Prime Minister, justice leaders from the courts, law enforcement leaders, union leaders, and individual citizen leaders. It assesses these leaders based on their power, influence, and adherence to leadership qualities according to surveys of Canadians. The highest ranking leaders are found to be those in justice and law enforcement roles who promote ethics and inspire citizens to take action, more so than leaders relying primarily on formal authority. The conclusion is that Canadians fully engage with leaders who champion values like justice, heroism, and environmental protection.

1. Leadership Equation
THE LEADERSHIP EQUATION
Analyzing Driving Variables for Effective Leaders
Jan Whyte
JanWhyte@LitigationByDesign.com
Abstract
Leaders may be born. Or they may emerge. Does legitimate power make you a better leader?
This paper analyzes the factors of leadership and how they contribute to followings.

2. 1
The Leadership Equation- An Analysis of
Effective Political Process Engagement
Introduction
Individuals in Canada are influenced by leaders in politics, justice, law enforcement,
union/coalitions and individuals. Through 27 years of first hand experiences in civil litigation in
Canada, the writer has experienced tens of thousands of scenarios involving Canadian
businessmen, government employees, judges and adjudicators, public safety employees,
organized labour unions and individual citizens.
All of these citizens of Canada were prompted to engage in fighting for ideals and a better life in
Canada – the basis of the political objective.
It was through this personal experience that the five main types of leaders, and their effects on
engagement of the Canadian citizen in the political (better life) process, were chosen:
1. Political Leaders (Stephen Harper, Prime Minister)
2. Justice Leaders – Courts (Chief Justice Beverly McLachlin)
3. Law Enforcement Leaders – RCMP, Municipal Policing
4. Discourse Community Leaders – Union of Indian Band Chiefs (British Columbia)
5. Individual Citizens as Leaders – (Inspector Kim Rossmo, Vancouver Police Dept.)
In The Leadership Challenge (Kouzes & Posner, 2007), the authors set out the results of
international surveys on Leadership. The survey population from Canada identified four main
traits required of a leader: honesty, forward-looking, visionary and competency (p. 31).
On the Canadian Organization of Leaders website (Governor-General of Canada Leadership
Conference, 2014), there is a statement made as to who leaders in Canada are and what they
do:
“Keep in mind that real leaders are ordinary people with an extraordinary vision. So
dream big and think outside your boundaries. Be proud of yourself and of your ability to
lead. Be sure to lead by example, by doing the right thing and sticking to your values.
And most importantly enjoy what you are doing.”
2012 Conference Chair — Annette Verschuren

3. 2
Analysis
Is there a correlation between the Kouzes & Posner (supra) theories and the Canadian leaders its
citizens have chosen to follow?
Prime Minister Stephen Harper
An analysis of the public opinion regarding political figures gleaned a poor turnout at voters’
polls, (Democracy Watch, 2014) negative comments regarding the actions of the Prime
Minister, Stephen Harper (Conacher, 2014), evidence of mistrust amongst Senate members
(CBC News, 2014).
The election results from the (x) election when Stephen Harper was elected Prime Minister
were (x). This means that X (total number) of Canadians were engaged, whether with the
intent to elect or thwart an election of, Stephen Harper.
Stephen Harper also engages many Members of Parliament and Senators – regular Canadian
citizens who have chosen to serve in public office. Once again, their engagement may be
aligned or mal-aligned with the Prime Minister, however they are engaged.
Chief Justice Beverly McLachlin
The Supreme Court of Canada and the policing agencies in Canada, through their mandate to
uphold the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in Canada, as well as other official legislation,
policies and common law, score high points in the areas of trust and doing the right thing. They
were found to engage their followers through the publication of the laws, encouraging website
messages (Federal Government of Canada, 2014), (Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 2014) and
unobstructed transparency to the public via open court rooms at courthouses across Canada,
and in Ottawa at the Supreme Court of Canada as well as 911, 24/7 access to the police in
Canada by any citizen.
In 2006 Chief Justice McLachlin addressed the Canadian Bar Association (Rt. Hon. Beverley
McLachlin, 2007) called for reform in the political forum of access to justice for all Canadians.
The root cause of this injustice, according to McLachlin, was the prohibitive cost of hiring
lawyers to ensure justice was done on behalf of Canadians.
All lawyers in Canada follow the leadership of Madam Justice McLachlin. Having worked at the
Vancouver law firm where she originated, and brought cases before her at County Court,
Supreme Court, BC Court of Appeal and Supreme Court of Canada levels, the writer can attest
to the number of followers of this leader. By nature of her personality, she scores high on the
influential power scale for the Leadership Equation.

4. 3
By nature of her formal position, she scores high on the political and ethical power factors. One
example of this superior power level is her recent decision that an Ontario Justice be
disqualified from his appointment to the Supreme Court of Canada because the legislation
required a Quebec Justice. Despite an appeal by Prime Minister Stephen Harper for reversal of
the decision, the Chief did not. Therefore the political (ethical) score of Madam Justice
McLachlin is higher than the Prime Minister’s (CBC News, 2014).
Union of Indian Band Chiefs
Special discourse groups such as the Union of Indian Band Chiefs were found to be influential in
leadership within their discourse communities. They champion national causes such as the
preservation of the picturesque archipelagos, ancient Indian lands, from contamination from
industrial oil tanker and pipeline construction.
They apply natural law ethical principles and engage their constituents and constituents in
other discourse communities to rally for the preservation of the environment such as the
opposition to the Enbridge Pipeline in Kitimat, BC. Because this is a cause for all Canadians,
specifically British Columbians however the emotion is high across Canada with respect to the
capitalistic ethical principles being applied by the Federal Government, this union has
influential power that has put it at the forefront of leadership for the citizens of Canada.
Therefore this leadership example has the possibility, through influence and numbers, to be a
significant threat to any legitimate powers and opposing political (ethical) factors of the
Government (ie Prime Minister Stephen Harper).
Rt. Hon. David Johnston
The Governor-General of Canada is in a unique, unbiased position when it comes to political
matters. He is a representative of Her Majesty the Queen, the head of the Commonwealth, and
is appointed, not elected.
The Governor-General is a champion for all Canadians. His objective is the peace and good
government of Canada – for all Canadians. The website (Governor-General of Canada
Leadership Conference, 2014). He is conservative in his views and communications.
By the very nature of his sponsorship of the yearly Leadership Conference, Governor-General
Johnston engages hundreds of Canadians to get involved in the political forum. While it is not
formal party politics, it is participation in pressing issues for Canadians. Attendees vary from
year to year, therefore the reach of this initiative is vast and endless.
The Governor-General has no official political power, his political factor is low, however the
ethical factor for the Leadership Equation is high. His influential power is not high, by nature of
his personality and the conservative approach he takes in his initiatives.

5. 4
Inspector Kim Rossmo (VPD)
This individual leader inspired a community of persons to engage in the political process, to an
amazing result. Inspector Rossmo, was a former VPD Detective and appointed Inspector with
the Vancouver Police Department. He had returned to post-secondary school after years as a
Detective with the VPD where he attained a Ph.D. in criminology and patented a geographic
profiling tool to be used in crime detection and prevention. Inspector Rossmo applied his tool
to the growing problem of the Downtown East Side Missing Women phenomenon. At the time
of Inspector Rossmo detected the presence of a serial killer, however he was unable to gain co-
operation within the VPD to proceed with an investigation on this basis.
At the Supreme Court of British Columbia employment trial of Inspector Rossmo, which was
unrelated to the Missing Women case, evidence was disclosed to the Court and to the public
that had Inspector Rossmo been supported by the VPD superiors, the number of missing
women would have been significantly less than the ultimate number of women who were
murdered by Robert Pickton, as has now been established via the convictions on several counts
of murder to which Robert “Willy” Pickton has been sentenced.
The disclosures of information were picked up by news reporters who were attending the
Courthouse and sitting in on trials looking for stories, as they usually do. As a result, the families
of the missing women started attending the trial and would wait for hours to speak to Inspector
Rossmo during the morning, noon and afternoon breaks. They would bring him flowers, and
touch him as if he were a God. It was a sight the writer will never forget. Nor will she ever
forget the tears in Inspector Rossmo’s eyes when he looked back at the torn families – families
whose members he had sworn to protect.
Through his private acts of public disclosure via the employment dispute, and at his own
significant legal expense, Inspector Rossmo (who is now a Research Assistant at the University
of Austin, Texas) inspired the families of the Missing Women to engage in the political process
by lobbying for performance of an inquiry into the policing problems that led to the
unnecessary loss of lives. The result of their engagement efforts is now the report of Wally
Oppal, Commissioner, “Forsaken” (Oppal, 2012).
As a result of the Forsaken report, policing practices and attitudes toward sex trade workers are
being reformed in Canada.
Dr. Rossmo scores the highest points with respect to political (ethical) factors, power (through
the power of the individual to personally access the Justice system), and – obviously with
respect to the respect earned by Dr. Rossmo by the engaged Missing Women families for
justice reform - influence.

6. 5
Analysis
The following Leadership Equation values have been assigned to the Leadership Equation
factors, weighted in a range of 1-15 per category, based on the facts discussed in the preceding
section.
Politicians Judges Police Unions or
Coalitions
(eg. Indian
Band Chiefs)
Governor
General
of
Canada
Citizens
(eg. Kim
Rossmo)
Leadership Equation
Power (Formal,
Position)
10 15 15 10 0 1
Power (Informal,
Respect)
0 10 10 10 15 1
Political Influence 15 15 15 10 10 1
Totals 25/45 40/45 40/45 30/45 25/45 3/45
In addition to the Leadership Equation factors, there are more leadership characteristics that
should be applied in deciding what characteristics of leaders result in engagement of Canadians
in political processes.
In the table below, leadership characteristics gleaned from (a) the Governor-General’s
Leadership Conference site, and (b) the Canadian statistics reported in The Leadership
Challenge (Kouzes & Posner, 2007) (a publication used as a learning text by the British Columbia
Institute of Technology in its Leadership courses), have been assessed. The values assigned
simply reflect the presence or absence of that characteristic in the leader examined.
Characteristics
Canadian
Leadership Council
Demands in Leaders
(Annette
Verschuren 2012
Conference Chair,
Leadership Canada
Conference)
Politicians Judges Police Unions or
Coalitions
(eg. Indian
Band
Chiefs)
Governor
General
of
Canada
Citizens
(eg. Kim
Rossmo)
Extraordinary Vision 1 1 1 1 1 1

7. 6
Characteristics
Canadian
Leadership Council
Demands in Leaders
(Annette
Verschuren 2012
Conference Chair,
Leadership Canada
Conference)
Politicians Judges Police Unions or
Coalitions
(eg. Indian
Band
Chiefs)
Governor
General
of
Canada
Citizens
(eg. Kim
Rossmo)
Duty to Do the Right
Thing (Justice as
Paramount Ethical
Theory)
0 1 1 0 0 1
Stick To Their Values 0 1 1 1 1 1
SubTotal 1/3 3/3 3/3 2/3 2/3 3/3
Characteristics
Canadians Demand
in Leaders (Kouzes
& Posner, 2007)
Honesty 0 1 1 0 0 1
Forward Looking 1 0 0 1 1 1
Inspiring 1 1 0 1 1 1
Competent 1 1 1 0 0 1
SubTotal ¾ 3/4 2/4 2/4 2/4 4 /4
What do Leaders
Do? (Kouzes &
Posner, 2007)
Clarify Values 1 1 1 1 1 1
Set the Example 0 1 1 1 1 1
Envision a Future 1 1 1 1 1 1
Enlist Others 1 1 1 1 1 1
Foster Collaboration 1 1 1 0 1 1
Strengthen Others 1 1 1 1 1 1
Search for
Opportunities
1 0 0 1 0 1
Experiment and
Take Risks
0 0 1 1 0 1
SubTotal 6/8 6/8 7/8 7/8 6/8 8/8
Totals 10/15 12/15 12/15 11/15 10/15 15/15

8. 7
Conclusion
An effective governmental/political Leader in Canada is one who is honest, forward-thinking,
influential and competent and is leading one or more citizens in the pursuit of a shared vision
for a better Canada.
The research-informed weighting tables show us that the highest ranking leaders who (a) fit the
definition of what Canadians want in a leader; (b) provide access for their followers to
participate in the political/governmental process; and (c) possess the power of leadership
through formal and informal means are those who have been placed at a high level of
responsibility, duty, through their profession of upholding justice and laws on behalf of the
citizens of Canada. Ranked #3 and #2 are the individuals who are involved in justice and law
enforcement, while the #1 ranked leader is the individual who goes to extraordinary lengths to
inspire the people to take action.
In applying the Leadership Equation, even with a quantitative difference as set out in the
analysis tables, the deciding factor of legitimate and informal power is properly an exponential
function rather than one of simple addition.
[(sources of power) + (contingencies of power)] ±INFLUENCE
(POLITICS) (ETHICS) (≠ or = LEADERSHIP GOAL)
As evidence by the cases of Chief Justice McLachlan and Police Officers, legitimate power with
an ethical foundation creates a compelling argument for these groups to be found the
preferential leaders in Canada.
However, as evidenced by the cases of the Union of Indian Band Chiefs and Dr. Rossmo, and as
supported by the Leadership Equation, positive influence is the leadership power which
overcomes a deficit caused by a legitimate source of power factor (ie political office or
justice/law based) to identify the key leaders who cause Canadian constituents to engage them
in the political process.
The conclusion from this study is that Canadians fully engage with leaders who promote
characteristics such as justice (ethics), heroism (altruism) and preservation and do not fully
engage when their leader is partisan or leading through formal authority.
Janice Whyte, CPC, MCIArb
July 19, 2014

9. 8
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