SQL Fundamentals

1. Structured Query Language
Brian Foote
Fox Valley Technical College

2. WELCOME!!!!

3. What is the plan for today?
• Learn about databases
• Learn about SQL Server
• Learn about SQL
• Whatever else you want to do!

4. • foote@fvtc.edu
• 920-735-2568
• Skype : brian.d.foote
• Twitter : @footefvtc
About Me

5. • UW-Eau Claire
• IT Consultant – 18 years
• Cap Gemini, Greenbrier & Russell, Fujitsu,
Skyline, Rush Lake Consulting
• CUNA Mutual Group, Kimberly-Clark, The
Real Estate Group, Bemis, Associated
Bank, JJ Keller, ThedaCare, Oshkosh
Chamber of Oshkosh, Pierce
• Husband and father of 3 daughters.
• Duck Hunter/Basketball Coach
• Teaching – 8th semester
Brian Foote

6. SSMS – SQL Server Management Studio –
Microsoft’s Query tool to their own database
format.
HOW?

7. SSMS – SQL SERVER MANAGEMENT STUDIO
Start
All Programs
Microsoft SQL Server
SSMS

8. CONNECTING TO SQL SERVER
Information you need to connect:
Server
Database
Credentials

9. SSMS – Connecting to SQL Server
CONNECTING TO SQL
SERVER

10. SQL is short for Structured Query Language and
is a widely used database language, providing
means of data manipulation (store, retrieve,
update, delete) and database creation.
SQL Server vs SQL?
SQL OVERVIEW

11. • What is SQL and why is it important?
• Retrieve data from a single table.
• SELECT
• SELECT INTO
• ORDER BY
• WHERE CONDITIONS
• AGGREGATE SELECTS
SQL OVERVIEW

12. • Retrieve data from a multiple tables.
• JOIN (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, OUTER)
• SELECT
• SELECT INTO
• ORDER BY
• WHERE CONDITIONS
• AGGREGATE SELECTS
SQL OVERVIEW

13. SELECT Statement – Used to retrieve data from the database
table.
Syntax :
SELECT Column1, Column2, Column3, *
FROM Table1
Exercise :
• Simple column SELECT
• Simple * SELECT
Example :
SELECT * FROM Customers
SELECT Name, Address. City, State, ZIP
FROM Customers
SQL – SELECT – 1 TABLE

14. The SQL ORDER BY clause comes in handy when you want to
sort your SQL result sets by some column or columns.
Syntax :
SELECT *
FROM Table1
ORDER BY COLUMN (ORDER BY COLUMN #)
Exercise :
Simple column SELECT ORDER BY
Example :
SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY City, LastName
SQL – SELECT - ORDER

15. The SQL WHERE clause is used to select data conditionally, by
adding it to already existing SQL SELECT query.
Syntax :
SELECT Column1, Column2, Column3,
FROM Table1
WHERE <CONDITION>
Exercise :
Simple column SELECT WHERE
Example :
SELECT *
FROM Customers
WHERE State = ‘WI’
SQL – SELECT - WHEREHI

16. The SQL DISTINCT clause is used together with the SQL SELECT
keyword, to return a dataset with unique entries for certain
database table column.
Syntax :
SELECT DISTINCT Column1, Column2, Column3,
INTO Table2
FROM Table1
Exercise :
Simple column SELECT DISTINCT
Example :
SELECT DISTINCT LastName
FROM Customers
SQL – SELECT -
DISTINCT

17. Condition Must be True or False
Relational Operators
= Equal
<> Not Equal
< Less Than
<= Less Than or Equal To
> Greater than
>= Greater than or Equal To
The SQL WHERE clause is used to select data conditionally, by
adding it to already existing SQL SELECT query.
SQL – SELECT - WHERE

18. The SQL AND clause is used when you want to specify more than
one condition in your SQL WHERE clause, and at the same time
you want all conditions to be true.
Syntax :
SELECT Column1, Column2, Column3,
FROM Table1
WHERE <CONDITION>
AND <DIFFERENT CONDITION>
Exercise :
Simple column SELECT WHERE AND
Example :
SELECT *
FROM Customers
WHERE State = ‘WI’
AND CITY = ‘MADISON’
SQL – SELECT - AND

19. The SQL OR statement is used in similar fashion and the major
difference compared to the SQL AND is that OR clause will return
all rows satisfying any of the conditions listed in the WHERE
clause.
Syntax :
SELECT Column1, Column2, Column3,
FROM Table1
WHERE <CONDITION>
OR <DIFFERENT CONDITION>
Exercise :
Simple column SELECT WHERE OR
Example :
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE State = ‘WI’ OR State = ‘MN’
SQL – SELECT - OR

20. Other information
• Be aware or data type.
• String data must in double quotes.
• Numeric data does not.
• Order of precedence.
1. ~ (Bitwise NOT)
2. * (Multiply), / (Division), % (Modulo)
3. + (Positive), - (Negative), + (Add), (+ Concatenate), -
(Subtract)
4. =, >, <, >=, <=, <>, !=, !>, !< (Comparison operators)
5. NOT
6. AND
7. ALL, ANY, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, OR, SOME
8. = (Assignment)
The SQL WHERE clause is used to select data conditionally, by
adding it to already existing SQL SELECT query.
SQL – SELECT - OOP

21. BETWEEN - TRUE if the operand is within a range.
test_expression [ NOT ] BETWEEN begin_expression AND
end_expression
EXISTS - TRUE if a sub query contains any rows.
EXISTS {SELECT STATEMENT}
IN - TRUE if the operand is equal to one of a list of expressions.
test_expression [ NOT ] IN ( subquery | expression [ ,...n ] )
NOT - Reverses the value of any other Boolean operator.
[ NOT ] boolean_expression
SQL – SELECT - OTHER

22. LIKE - TRUE if the operand matches a pattern.
match_expression [ NOT ] LIKE pattern [ ESCAPE escape_character ]
% - Any string of zero or more characters.
(WHERE title LIKE '%computer%' )
_ - Any single character. (WHERE au_fname LIKE '_ean')
[ ] - Any single character within the specified range ([a-f]) or set ([abcdef]).
(WHERE au_lname LIKE '[C-P]arsen' )
[^] - Any single character not within the specified range ([^a-f]) or set
([^abcdef]).
(WHERE au_lname LIKE 'de[^l]%' )
SQL – SELECT - LIKE

23. The SQL SELECT INTO statement is used to select data from a
SQL database table and to insert it to a different table at the same
time.
Syntax :
SELECT Column1, Column2, Column3,
INTO Table2
FROM Table1
Exercise :
Simple column SELECT INTO
Example :
SELECT Name, Address. City, State, ZIP
INTO NewCustomers
FROM Customers
SELECT * FROM Customers
SQL SELECT INTO

24. COUNT
MAX
MIN
AVG
SUM
Structured Query Language
Aggregate Operators
SQL - AGGREGATE

25. The SQL COUNT clause is used together with the SQL SELECT
keyword, to return a dataset with unique entries for certain
database table column.
Syntax :
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM Table1
Exercise :
Simple column SELECT COUNT
Example :
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM Customers
SQL – AGGREGATE –
COUNT

26. The SQL MAX aggregate function allows us to select the highest
(maximum) value for a certain column.
Syntax :
SELECT MAX(Column1)
FROM Table1
Exercise :
SELECT MAX
Example :
SELECT MAX(DOB) AS MaxDOB
FROM Customers
SQL – AGGREGATE - MAX

27. The SQL MIN aggregate function allows us to select the lowest
(minimum) value for a certain column.
Syntax :
SELECT MIN(Column1)
FROM Table1
Exercise :
SELECT MIN
Example :
SELECT MAX(DOB) AS MinDOB
FROM Customers
SQL – AGGREGATE - MIN

28. The SQL SUM aggregate function allows selecting the total for a
numeric column.
Syntax :
SELECT SUM(Column1)
FROM Table1
Exercise :
SELECT SUM
Example :
SELECT SUM(SaleAmount) AS TotalSales
FROM Sales
SQL – AGGREGATE - SUM

29. The SQL AVG aggregate function allows selecting the total for a
numeric column.
Syntax :
SELECT AVG(Column1)
FROM Table1
Exercise :
SELECT AVG
Example :
SELECT AVG(SaleAmount) AS AVGTotalSales
FROM Sales
SQL – AGGREGATE -
AVERAGE

30. The SQL GROUP BY statement is used along with the SQL
aggregate functions like SUM to provide means of grouping the
result dataset by certain database table column(s).
Syntax :
SELECT COLUMN2, SUM(Column1)
FROM Table1
GROUP BY COLUMN2
Exercise :
SELECT GROUP BY
Example :
SELECT Employee, SUM (Hours)
FROM EmployeeHours
GROUP BY Employee
SQL – AGGREGATE –
GROUP BY

31. The SQL HAVING clause is used to restrict conditionally the output
of a SQL statement, by a SQL aggregate function used in your
SELECT list of columns.
Syntax :
SELECT COLUMN2, <aggregate function> (Column1)
FROM Table1
GROUP BY COLUMN2
HAVING <aggregate function> (Column1) condition
Exercise :
SELECT HAVING
Example :
SELECT Employee, SUM (Hours)
FROM EmployeeHours
GROUP BY Employee
HAVING SUM (Hours) > 24
SQL – AGGREGATE
HAVING

32. STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
JOINS
The SQL JOIN clause is used whenever we have to select data from 2 or
more tables.
Join Types
• INNER - Returns all rows from both tables as long as there is a match
between the columns we are matching On.
• OUTER – Returns rows from the joined tables if they match or not.

33. The INNER JOIN will
select all rows from both
tables as long as there is
a match between the
columns we are matching
on.
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A INNER
JOIN Table_B B ON A.Key
= B.Key
SQL – INNER JOIN

34. LEFT - The LEFT OUTER
JOIN or simply LEFT JOIN
(you can omit the OUTER
keyword in most databases),
selects all the rows from the
first table listed after the FROM
clause, no matter if they have
matches in the second table.
SELECT <select_list> FROM
Table_A A LEFT JOIN Table_B
B ON A.Key = B.Key
SQL – LEFT JOIN

35. RIGHT - The RIGHT OUTER
JOIN or just RIGHT JOIN
behaves exactly as SQL LEFT
JOIN, except that it returns
all rows from the second
table (the right table in our
SQL JOIN statement).
SELECT <select_list> FROM
Table_A A RIGHT JOIN
Table_B B ON A.Key = B.Key
SQL – RIGHT JOIN

36. FULL OUTER
-This query will return all
of the records from both
tables, joining records
from the left table (table
A) that match records
from the right table (table
B).
-SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A FULL
OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
SQL – FULL OUTER

37. Left Excluding JOIN
-This query will return all of
the records in the left table
(table A) that do not match
any records in the right
table (table B).
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A LEFT JOIN
Table_B B ON A.Key =
B.Key WHERE B.Key IS
NULL
SQL – LEFT JOIN
EXCLUDING

38. Right Excluding JOIN
-This query will return all of
the records in the right
table (table B) that do not
match any records in the
left table (table A).
SELECT <select_list> FROM
Table_A A RIGHT JOIN
Table_B B ON A.Key =
B.Key WHERE A.Key IS
NULL

39. Outer Excluding JOIN
This query will return all of
the records in the left
table (table A) and all of
the records in the right
table (table B) that do not
match.
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A FULL
OUTER JOIN Table_B B ON
A.Key = B.Key WHERE
A.Key IS NULL OR B.Key
IS NULL
SQL – OUTER JOIN
EXCLUDING

40. Structured Query Language
Multiple Tables and Aggregate Operators
• COUNT
• MAX
• MIN
• AVG
• SUM
SQL – AGGREGATE
MULTIPLE TABLES

41. Structured Query Language
Other Things
• Elimination of Nulls (ISNULL)
• Use of subquerys when the joins just
do not seem right.
• Temp Tables (local (#) and global (##)
• Export to Excel
• Stored Procedures
SQL – OTHER THINGS

42. SQL – ALL JOINS

43. Sources
• Microsoft Developer Network - http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-
us/sqlserver/default.aspx
• SQL Tutorial - http://www.sql-tutorial.net/
• Code project:
http://www.codeproject.com/KB/database/Visual_SQL_Joins.aspx
SQL – ONLINE SOURCES

44. QUESTIONS

45. Contact Info
• Fox Valley Technical College
• Brian Foote
• foote@fvtc.edu
CONTACT INFO

46. THANK YOU