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Birgit Nurme
         OP1
Mis see on?
   Konjunktiviit on sageli esinev
    silmamuna eesmist osa ja
    silmalaugu seestpoolt katva
    sidekesta ehk konjunktiivi
    põletik.
   Konjunktiviiti esineb kõikjal
    maailmas.


Tõenäoliselt põeb iga inimene konjunktiviiti vähemalt korra elus.
Mis põhjustab?
 Konjunktiviiti tekitavad:                      Riskifaktorid:
    Viirused                                       Kokkupuude
        adenoviirus, herpes                            viiruslikku või
                                                         bakteriaalsesse
         simplex, varicella-zoster
                                                         konjunktiviiti nakatunuga
         , enteroviirus, coxsackie, molluscum
                                                        kontamineeritud pindade
         contagiosum
                                                         või esemetega
    Bakterid                                           ema organismis olevate
        staphylococcus                                  suguhaiguste tekitajatega
         aureus, streptococcus                           (chlamydia trachomatis,
         pneumoniae, haemophilus                         neisseria gonorrhoeae)
         influenzae, chlamydia                      Sinusiit, ülemiste hingamis-
         trachomatis, neisseria gonorrheae           teede infektsioonid
    Allergia                                       Immuunpuudulikkus
    Silmi ärritavad keemilised ained
    Seened (väga harvadel
Kliinik
 Ühe või mõlema silma
   Konjunktiivide punetus
   Pisaravool
   Mädaeritus (rähm,
    silmalaud hommikul kokku
    kleepunud)
   Kipitus
   Võõrkehatunne silmas
   Sügelus
   Valgustundlikkus
Diagnoosimine
 Viiruslikule konjunktiviidile viitavad:
    punetus
    konjunktiivi turse, krobeline pind
    vesine eritis silmast, pisaravool
    valgustundlikkus
    ülemiste hingamisteede infektsiooni olemasolu
    lümfisõlmede suurenemine (erand: nakatumine neisseria gonorrhoeaega)
 Bakteriaalsele konjunktiviidile viitavad:
    kollane või valge eritis silmast
    suhteline nägemistervuse säilimine
 Ägedate juhtumite korral aitab diagnoosida sekreediproovi laboratoorne
  uuring.
 Kindlasti tuleb uurida kas on olnud kokkupuuteid silma ärritavate
  ainetega (keskkond, ravimid).
Ravi
 Konjunktiviit on pooltel juhtudel põhjustatud
  viirustest ega vaja antimikroobset ravi.
 Silma niisutamiseks kasutatakse tehispisaraid.
 64%-l bakteriaalse konjunktiviidi juhtudest
  toimub paranemine ilma ravita 5 päevaga.
 Bakteriaalse konjunktiviidi ravi on suunatud
  gramnegatiivsete mikroobide vastu.
 Konjunktiviitide antibakteriaalses ravis kasutakse lokaalseid
  ravimvorme (fusidiinhape, klooramfenikool, tobramütsiin).
 Allergilise konjunktiviidi raviks kasutatakse allergiavastaseid
  silmatilku.
Ennetamine
 Kuna viiruslik ja bakteriaalne konjunktiviit on väga
  nakkavad, tuleb teise silma ja teiste inimeste
  nakatamise vältimiseks:
   pesta käsi peale silma puhastamist või tilkade panemist
   hoiduda terve silma puutumisest peale haige silmaga
    tegelemist
   eraldada haige käterätikud tervete pereliikmete omadest
   vahetada sageli käterätikuid ja padjapüüre
   jääda koju ennast ravima
 Allergilise konjunktiviidi korral tuleb vältida
  kokkupuudet allergeeniga.
Kasutatud kirjandus
   David S Marlin, MD. Conjunctivitis, Bacterial. eMedicine. 1.06.2009.
    http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview (18.03.2010)

   Eleri Lapsaniit.Väikelaste infektsioonihaiguste ambulatoorne ravi
    antibiootikumidega. Magistritöö rahvatervishoius. Tartu. 2005.
    http://rahvatervis.ut.ee/bitstream/1/803/1/Lapsaniit2005.pdf (18.03.2010)

   Ingrid U Scott, MD, MPH. Conjunctivitis, Viral. eMedicine. 5.08.2009.
    http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191370-overview (18.03.2010)

   M. Quirke, A. Cullinane. Recent trends in chlamydial and gonococcal
    conjunctivitis among neonates and adults in an Irish hospital. International
    Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 12, Issue 4, Pages 371-373.
   Michael Martin, M.D., M.P.H. An Outbreak of Conjunctivitis Due to Atypical

    Streptococcus pneumoniae. The New England Journal of Medicine.

    20.03.2003. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/348/12/1112 (18.03.2010)

   Mitchell H. Friedlaender, MD. Infectious Conjunctivitis. Merck Manuals.

    Online Medical Library. 1.06.2008.

    http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec20/ch229/ch229b.html (18.03.2010)

   Understanding Conjunctivitis. Empowered Doctor.

    http://www.empowereddoctor.com/understanding-conjunctivitis

    (18.03.2010)

   Vidya R Devarajan, MD. Haemophilus Influenzae Infections. eMedicine.

    17.12.2009. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-overview

    (18.03.2010)
Konjunktiviit

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Konjunktiviit

  • 2. Mis see on?  Konjunktiviit on sageli esinev silmamuna eesmist osa ja silmalaugu seestpoolt katva sidekesta ehk konjunktiivi põletik.  Konjunktiviiti esineb kõikjal maailmas. Tõenäoliselt põeb iga inimene konjunktiviiti vähemalt korra elus.
  • 3. Mis põhjustab?  Konjunktiviiti tekitavad:  Riskifaktorid:  Viirused  Kokkupuude  adenoviirus, herpes  viiruslikku või bakteriaalsesse simplex, varicella-zoster konjunktiviiti nakatunuga , enteroviirus, coxsackie, molluscum  kontamineeritud pindade contagiosum või esemetega  Bakterid  ema organismis olevate  staphylococcus suguhaiguste tekitajatega aureus, streptococcus (chlamydia trachomatis, pneumoniae, haemophilus neisseria gonorrhoeae) influenzae, chlamydia  Sinusiit, ülemiste hingamis- trachomatis, neisseria gonorrheae teede infektsioonid  Allergia  Immuunpuudulikkus  Silmi ärritavad keemilised ained  Seened (väga harvadel
  • 4. Kliinik  Ühe või mõlema silma  Konjunktiivide punetus  Pisaravool  Mädaeritus (rähm, silmalaud hommikul kokku kleepunud)  Kipitus  Võõrkehatunne silmas  Sügelus  Valgustundlikkus
  • 5. Diagnoosimine  Viiruslikule konjunktiviidile viitavad:  punetus  konjunktiivi turse, krobeline pind  vesine eritis silmast, pisaravool  valgustundlikkus  ülemiste hingamisteede infektsiooni olemasolu  lümfisõlmede suurenemine (erand: nakatumine neisseria gonorrhoeaega)  Bakteriaalsele konjunktiviidile viitavad:  kollane või valge eritis silmast  suhteline nägemistervuse säilimine  Ägedate juhtumite korral aitab diagnoosida sekreediproovi laboratoorne uuring.  Kindlasti tuleb uurida kas on olnud kokkupuuteid silma ärritavate ainetega (keskkond, ravimid).
  • 6. Ravi  Konjunktiviit on pooltel juhtudel põhjustatud viirustest ega vaja antimikroobset ravi.  Silma niisutamiseks kasutatakse tehispisaraid.  64%-l bakteriaalse konjunktiviidi juhtudest toimub paranemine ilma ravita 5 päevaga.  Bakteriaalse konjunktiviidi ravi on suunatud gramnegatiivsete mikroobide vastu.  Konjunktiviitide antibakteriaalses ravis kasutakse lokaalseid ravimvorme (fusidiinhape, klooramfenikool, tobramütsiin).  Allergilise konjunktiviidi raviks kasutatakse allergiavastaseid silmatilku.
  • 7. Ennetamine  Kuna viiruslik ja bakteriaalne konjunktiviit on väga nakkavad, tuleb teise silma ja teiste inimeste nakatamise vältimiseks:  pesta käsi peale silma puhastamist või tilkade panemist  hoiduda terve silma puutumisest peale haige silmaga tegelemist  eraldada haige käterätikud tervete pereliikmete omadest  vahetada sageli käterätikuid ja padjapüüre  jääda koju ennast ravima  Allergilise konjunktiviidi korral tuleb vältida kokkupuudet allergeeniga.
  • 8. Kasutatud kirjandus  David S Marlin, MD. Conjunctivitis, Bacterial. eMedicine. 1.06.2009. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview (18.03.2010)  Eleri Lapsaniit.Väikelaste infektsioonihaiguste ambulatoorne ravi antibiootikumidega. Magistritöö rahvatervishoius. Tartu. 2005. http://rahvatervis.ut.ee/bitstream/1/803/1/Lapsaniit2005.pdf (18.03.2010)  Ingrid U Scott, MD, MPH. Conjunctivitis, Viral. eMedicine. 5.08.2009. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191370-overview (18.03.2010)  M. Quirke, A. Cullinane. Recent trends in chlamydial and gonococcal conjunctivitis among neonates and adults in an Irish hospital. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 12, Issue 4, Pages 371-373.
  • 9. Michael Martin, M.D., M.P.H. An Outbreak of Conjunctivitis Due to Atypical Streptococcus pneumoniae. The New England Journal of Medicine. 20.03.2003. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/348/12/1112 (18.03.2010)  Mitchell H. Friedlaender, MD. Infectious Conjunctivitis. Merck Manuals. Online Medical Library. 1.06.2008. http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec20/ch229/ch229b.html (18.03.2010)  Understanding Conjunctivitis. Empowered Doctor. http://www.empowereddoctor.com/understanding-conjunctivitis (18.03.2010)  Vidya R Devarajan, MD. Haemophilus Influenzae Infections. eMedicine. 17.12.2009. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-overview (18.03.2010)