NASA ARC Director's Colloquium 16 Nov 2006 - Luna Gaia: a closed loop habitat for the Moon

LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON LUNA GAIA: A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON NASA Ames Research Center Director’s Colloquium Thursday 16th November 2006 1 Presenter: Mr. James CHARTRES (AU)

LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON MISSION STATEMENT “To create a responsible framework for the establishment of a long-term lunar settlement, functioning as an efficient self-sustained closed-loop system with potential Earth applications.” 2

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA: PRESENTATION OVERVIEW Requirements and Operations Tracy Gill Location and Power Jeroen Vandersteen A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Architectural Design Francesc Betorz Closed Loop Life Support Nil Garcia Human Health Erin Tranfield 3

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA: PRESENTATION OVERVIEW Framework Enablers Jean-Francois Gauthier Philosophy, Ethics & Society Sarah Jane Pell A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Legal Framework Kwan Ting Ho Risk & Further Research Jessica Scott Earth Applications & Conclusions James Chartres Communication & Education Sara Poirier 4

LUNA GAIA ASSUMPTIONS • Functional crew size of 11 with a nominal crew size of 12 • Utilization of established and short term technologies A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • Establishment of a permanent habitat as progress towards the Human exploration of Mars • Duration of 36 months to simulate Martian exploration missions • Establishment of a permanent habitat by the year 2030 5

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS • C.L.L.S.S The proposed design for a lunar habitat shall make every effort to use a fully closed loop life support system • LOCATION The location for the Moon settlement shall be A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON chosen to maximize in situ resource utilization (ISRU), use of terrain and exposure to sun • DESIGN ARCHITECTURE The habitat shall be modular to increase redundancy, facilitate construction and expansion • TRANSPORT The proposed strategy for launching shall consider and make use of existing or near-term solutions from a variety of sources 6

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS • POWER & DESIGN ARCHITECTURE The concept shall balance risk by using existing or near term solutions as the baseline while recommending research on areas with a potential to improve feasibility and reduce cost, mass and schedule A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • RISK/ FURTHER RESEARCH The habitat shall provide adequate protection for its inhabitants against radiation and contaminants such as lunar dust • LEGAL FRAMEWORK The proposed concept shall include recommendations for establishing a policy legal framework to appropriately regulate all aspects of the project • BUDGET The proposed concept shall have a realistic and responsible budget based on current assumptions 7

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS • HUMAN HEALTH The habitat shall be designed to maintain and support the physical and psychological health of settlers • ETHICS & PHILOSOPHY The concept shall explore the ethical and philosophical considerations associated with establishing a responsible lunar settlement A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • POLICY ENABLERS The proposed concept shall explore the inner workings of private-public partnership (PPP) and International cooperation • EARTH The habitat shall be designed with an emphasis on identifying, and developing, technologies with applications and benefits on Earth and to promote sustainability • MARS & BEYOND The proposed concept shall be a stepping stone to permanent human presence in space in the form of colonies and further exploration of Mars and beyond 8

LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS • OPERATIONS TIMELINE • PHASED MISSIONS • TRANSPORTATION 9 Presenter: Mr. Tracy GILL (USA)

LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS Preliminary Phase (2007-2019) Research Launch Vehicle Planned Lunar 4 Specific Robotic and Lander Observation Precursor Development Development Missions Missions Construction Phase (2019-2029) Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Robotic Human and Bio regenerative Module Robotic Systems support Assembly Assembly 4 then up to 12 Operations Phase (2029-?) 18 month crew 36 month crew rotations rotations 10

LUNA GAIA PRELIMINARY PHASE (2007-2019) MISSIONS LUNAR-A & SELENE 2007 (L) Images Courtesy of JAXA. Preliminary Planned missions • NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission planned for October 2008 • INDIA Chandrayaan scientific spacecraft planned for September 2007 A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • CHINA Chang’e in 2008 • JAXA Selene in 2007 Luna Gaia precursor missions Image courtesy of NASA 1. Solar Thermal Power demonstrator 2. First mini-rover mission 3. Second mini-rover mission 4. ISRU/drilling technology mission 11

LUNA GAIA CONSTRUCTION (2019-2029) & OPERATIONS PHASES (2029+) Artists Impression of Lunar Precursor Mission Activities. Construction 1. Deployment and robotic assembly to launch, pre-stage, and assemble as much mass as possible without human intervention. 2. Assembly requiring human support will occur at a solar minimum to minimize A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON the radiation risk of the lunar expedition crew. 3. Four crew member operations in physicochemical environmental systems, to implement and maintain the regenerative systems that allow long- term sustainability. Images courtesy of NASA Operations 4. Permanent occupation of a fully operational settlement occurs with the operational crew of eleven & maximum operational capacity of twelve. 12

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA TRANSPORTATION LSAM Earth to Moon: Crew & Cargo • Nominally use Ares I for crew launches CEV • Ares V for cargo launches • Seek cost and risk mitigation by expanding A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON beyond NASA Constellation options (See Operations Concept Recommendations) .Images courtesy of NASA & JAXA Lunar Transportation • Fuel Cell powered rovers • Space suits using docking Rescue vehicles mechanisms and/or mechanical counter pressure Fuel Cell powered lunar rovers 13

LUNA GAIA OPERATIONS CONCEPT RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS WITH BUDGET PRIORITIES Safety Risk Mitigation Soyuz : Image AGI • Develop an interface adapter between Soyuz and the planned LSAM to allow an alternate crew rescue vehicle. • Develop another human-rated Lunar Lander to provide an alternate to LSAM and to act as a lunar A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON rescue/emergency vehicle alternative to the LSAM. Cost Risk Mitigation • Develop a standard commercial Lunar Lander and transfer stage to get cargo from LEO to the lunar surface to allow for commercial and international launch options at a lower cost than human-rated vehicles incur. • Invest in inflatable habitat technology to significantly reduce launch mass (requires packaging scheme for LSAM cargo version launch) TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT • Develop suitable space suits for lunar environment use 14

LUNA GAIA LOCATION & POWER Considering the location and power possibilities to enable the lunar habitat as independent from Earth as possible, thus reducing the cost of re-supply and increasing the long-term sustainability – Luna Gaia A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON 15 Presenter: Mr. Jeroen VANDERSTEEN (BE)

LUNA GAIA LOCATION CONSIDERATIONS • Available resources (O, H, Si, Ti, Al, Mg, Fe, …) • Temperature variation • Availability of sunlight (and darkness) • Line of sight with earth A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON (communications, psychological) ESA Smart One image of the Moon • Environmental conditions Credits: Clementine, BMDO, NRL, LLNL (radiation, topology, surface composition) Polar Non-polar North pole South pole Earth side Far side Data from: Apollo (1969-1972), Russian sample return missions, Lunar Prospector (1989- 1990), Clementine (1994), Smart-1 (2006), Gallileo (1990-1992) 16

LUNA GAIA LOCATION RECOMMENDATION North Pole: Peary Crater (88° x 75° N E) – Peaks of Eternal Light (PELs) due to higher altitude (compared to South Pole) – Solar energy is a viable A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON and constant power source – Increased number of craters of eternal darkness – Availability of varied in situ resources (i.e. high concentrations of Hydrogen) – Recent observations: no water ice is present (D. Campbell, D. Page) – Continuous communications with Earth (may require relay node) 17

LUNA GAIA LUNAR RESOURCES/ ISRU To make the habitat as independent from Earth as possible, reduce the cost of re-supply and increase long term sustainability OXYGEN • Breathable atmosphere • Fuel (power generation, transportation systems) • Through Ilmenite reduction, Oxide melt, Pyrolysis METALS (Fe) A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • By-product with Oxygen production • Infrastructure, tools, machinery, electrical distribution HYDROGEN • combined with O2 to form water • Fuel • Through heating above 700° C SILICON • Glass and fiberglass • Through heating above 1050° C REGOLITH • Construction • Radiation protection SUNLIGHT 18

19 LUNA GAIA POWER BUDGET NOMINAL LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON

LUNA GAIA POWER GENERATION Primary Power • NUCLEAR FISSION – High power density • Political/social issues • Radiation protection needed • Large area required for heat dissipation • SOLAR THERMAL A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON – Scalable – Source of heat for habitat • Large area required Nuclear: Submerged in water, the fuel element is removed • Complex infrastructure from the reactor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. (Reproduced by permission of Photo Researchers, Inc.) Secondary Power • PHOTOVOLTAIC – Scalable, reliable, proven technology • Large area required • Degrades over time Photovoltaic cells ©Total 20

LUNA GAIA POWER STORAGE & REGULATION Primary Power Storage & Regulation • FLYWHEELS – High-speed lightweight carbon flywheels – 1825 kg can provide minimum power for one hour – Operate in vacuum to reduce drag A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Secondary Power Storage • FUEL CELLS – Fuel can be used for rovers – 2307 kg of cells provide nominal power – 39 tons of fuel per year: provide 14 days nominal power 21

LUNA GAIA DESIGN ARCHITECTURE • Construction Type • Configuration • Radiation Shielding • Life Support System • Further Research A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON 22 Presenter: Mr. Francesc BETORZ (ES)

LUNA GAIA DESIGN ARCHITECTURE KEY OBJECTIVES • Create comfortable living and working spaces for long duration off-world activity, which maximize benefits for the inhabitants • Create an integrated environment to effectively sustain a closed-loop ecosystem A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Environmental / Size & Type of Location Protection Construction Health & ISRU / Power Countermeasures 23

24 STRUCTURE LOCATION CONSTRUCTION TYPE LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON

LUNA GAIA CONFIGURATION + COVER + LOCATION = PROTECTION A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON 25

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA CONSTRUCTION TYPE • Earth - like environment • Adaptable & Expandable design • Modular CFRP • Inflatable Technologies • Lunar Concrete A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON 26

LUNA GAIA INCORPORATION OF CLLSS WATER & AIR CYCLE Key: D = Dormitory F = Fish tanks D/F A = Algae ponds P = Plant fields P A/L L = Lab/Work Areas A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON SF = Social Focus Area A/L P D/F 27

LUNA GAIA FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Accurate lunar topography for site selection 2. Research and development of inflatable technologies 3. Characterize the composition of the regolith for in situ resource utilization (ISRU) A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON 4. Development of Artificial Intelligence to enable robotic assembly works 5. Build and test the proposed lunar habitat on Earth 6. Test the proposed building materials in lunar environment 7. Identify and study the minimal capabilities required for a self- sustainable lunar settlement 8. Research and develop Lunar Concrete as a construction material for further expansion of the base 28

LUNA GAIA CLOSED LOOP LIFE SUPPORT Identifying proven past technologies Extending previous research Combining, improving and hybridizing A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON systems Proposing a new robust and efficient solution Making recommendations of further research 29 Fish Beijing, 2006 Photo Lawrence English Presenter: Mr. Nil GARCIA (ES) SergeSpitzer_Re-Search1996-2002

LUNA GAIA LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS Life Support Considerations Life Support Considerations • Missions of 18 – 36 months • Missions of 18 – 36 months • Mars exploration planning • Mars exploration planning • Capacity: 12 crew members • Capacity: 12 crew members A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Philosophy of Luna Gaia Philosophy of Luna Gaia • Mostly bio-regenerative • Mostly bio-regenerative • Physico-chemical support/ • Physico-chemical support/ back-up system back-up system • Minimal re-supply • Minimal re-supply • Energetically open • Energetically open 30

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM MELiSSA Black water and wastes efficient treatment ALL IN BIOS 3 Incorporation of microalgaes (chlorella and spirulina) in a photoreactor: •Oxygen A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON •Food •Water purification NASA JSC ONE Advanced Aquatic plants and fish Life Support LuGaLiSuS initiatives: •Including insects CEBAS •Methane fuel for machines 31

32 LUNA GAIA LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM LuGaLiSuS LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON

LUNA GAIA LuGaLiSuS CHAMBERS Micro algal cultivator Aquatic plant, fish, insects Aquatic and Cyanobacteria, chamber invertebrates Chlorella and Spirulina A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Photoheterotrophic 3 Bacterial Higher Plants chamber Compartments compartment Nitrifying chamber Liquefying chamber Wheat, crops, etc 33

LUNA GAIA ATMOSPHERE LOOP PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BIOREGENERATIVE SYSTEM SUPPORT SYSTEM CO2 Algae 2BMS Molecular Sieve Aquatic plants CO2 Sabatier Reactor A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON H2O & CH4 Higher SPE Water Electrolysis plants CO2 O2 & H2 O2 Settlers & Crew 34

LUNA GAIA WATER & WASTE LOOP Liquefying Photo heterotrophic compartment compartment MELiSSA technology Nitrifying compartment Settlers & Preprocessing of wastes by using MELiSSA, Bios 3 & Crew A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Fungi JSC technology Algal cultivator (Cyanobacteria, some Chlorella and Spirulina) Charcoal, UV Treatment, Reverse Osmosis Aquatic plants compartment. WATER Fish, insects & Vegetables and invertebrates GREY WATER higher plants compartment CEBAS technology35 BLACK WATER

LUNA GAIA LuGaLiSuS FOOD CYCLE • 20m2 per person growth area • All food groups covered: Algae: Cyanobacteria Spirulina Fruits and Vegetables: Soybeans 100g A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Peanuts 100g Wheat 400g Carrots 300g Lettuce 200g Tomatoes 100g Protein & Essential Oils: Tilapia (Fish) 50g • Re-supply Luxury Items (processed foods) Vitamin & Mineral Supplements 36 Images © NASA

LUNA GAIA FURTHER RESEARCH • Plant crop optimization – Lighting systems – Growth mediums – Algal growth solutions – Nutrient enriched A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON growth beds • Supplements storage • Minimizing Re-supply • Merging such different technologies in one • Fish and insects stability in the system • Contamination technologies & prevention • Optimization of the overall performance 37 Images © NASA

LUNA GAIA HUMAN HEALTH Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON infirmity (WHO) 38 Presenter: Ms. Erin TRANFIELD (CA)

LUNA GAIA PROVIDING PHYSICAL HUMAN HEALTH NEEDS Architecture Fresh Air, Fresh Air, Food and Water Food and Water Countermeasure Protection and Rest and Training A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Safety Recovery Bio Monitoring Asphyxiation Famine & Dehydration Radiation Exposure Contingency Lunar Dust Fire Prevention Temperature Extremes System Failure Reverse Contamination Further Research 39

LUNA GAIA KNOWN BIOMEDICAL RISKS Effects of Radiation Medical Practice Issues • Carcinogenesis • Trauma & acute medical • Synergistic effects with problems microgravity or • Illness & ambulatory environmental factors health problems, renal • Late degenerative tissue stone formation effects • Toxic exposure A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Physiological Changes Behavior and • Carcinogenesis due to Performance Problems immune system changes • Disorientation and • Cardiac dysrhythmia inability to perform landing, egress, or other • Acceleration of age- physical tasks, especially related osteoporosis during /after • Manifestation of G-level changes previously asymptomatic • Poor psychosocial cardiovascular disease adaptation • Toxic exposure • Sleep & circadian rhythm problems 40

LUNA GAIA A RISK REDUCTION STRATEGY FOR LUNA GAIANS 1. Further explore pharmacological countermeasures 2. Develop countermeasures specific for the 1/6 g environment 3. Define hardware requirements for exercise countermeasure and A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON monitoring hardware 4. Research acceptable radiation levels 5. Study the physiological and pathological effects of lunar dust 6. Further materials research, space suit technologies and habitat architectures 41

LUNA GAIA HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT COUNTERMEASURES Simulated weight-bearing exercise in space – Bungee treadmill – Inertia reel rowing machine – Russian penguin suit A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON – Stationary cycle – Exercise devices + LBNP Pharmacologic treatment – Osteoporosis – Cardiovascular – Vitamin and nutrient supplements 42

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA COUNTERMEASURES Luna Gaia proposes a critical and timely opportunity to test human responses, and further develop innovative countermeasures, for long duration human habitation of space A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Dr. Sarah Jane Pell 2004 © Aquabatics Research Australia Hydro-therapy Tank provides a vibration and radiation protected environment to perform omni-directional resistive exercises and stretching Centrifuge Induced Artificial Gravity Device David Blaine ‘Drowned Alive’ 2006 43 ‘108 hours in the little house under Lincoln Centre, New York. Image APA the sea’, Italy 2005 Image APA

LUNA GAIA PROVIDING PSYCHO/ SOCIAL HUMAN HEALTH NEEDS IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE Health is state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO) A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Personal and Social Physical Well-being Well-being of of the Crew the Crew Group Behavior Develop Performance Shaping Counter- Challenges Constraints measures and risks 44

LUNA GAIA SOCIAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH RISKS Behavior Shaping Constraints in the Closed-loop • High potential hazards Habitat and • Isolation Moon Environment • Artificial environment for working and living A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Humans’ Behavior and Impaired human Group Performance Challenges and risks performance due to: • Poor psychosocial adaptation • Neurobehavioral problems • Group conflicts • Mismatch between workers cognitive capabilities and task demands 45

LUNA GAIA PSYCHO/ SOCIAL COUNTERMEASURES 1. Further explore crew selection criteria 2. Conduct ground-based training studies to develop effective psychological countermeasures 3. Develop psychological support and monitoring A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON 4. Interfaces Design/ User-centered design 5. Assess workload and function allocation 6. Reduce uncertainty and increase the familiarity (e.g., earth Resemblance simulations in habitats) 46

LUNA GAIA RISK & FURTHER RESEARCH “Discovery consists in seeing what everyone else has seen and thinking what no one else has thought.” Albert Szent-Gyorgi A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON 47 Presenter: Ms. Jessica SCOTT (CA)

LUNA GAIA FUTURE RESEARCH: RADIATION MITIGATION 1. Delineate radiation exposure limits 2. Formalize alert/warning communications infrastructure 3. Determine appropriate materials for active and passive shielding A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON 4. Examine the potential use of storm shelters • Emergency Inflatable Radiation Shelter (EIRS) • Shield Chambers 5. Identify potential nutritional/pharmacological countermeasures 6. Consider issues surrounding 48 prescreening for radiation tolerance

LUNA GAIA FUTURE RESEARCH: LUNAR DUST MITIGATION 1. Characterize the shape, surface area, and composition of dust particles 2. Determine the potential for human exposure to dust A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON within the habitat 3. Examine the consequences of size distribution and reduced gravity on dispersion into lung 4. Investigate the potential for translocation of particles to other sites within the body 49

LUNA GAIA FUTURE RESEARCH: MCP SUIT 1. Continue research into: • Advanced material technology • Lines of non extensions and areas of concavity • Advanced seals and joints A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON 2. Analyze the effects of electrostatic charging • Use dust properties to repel rather than attract dust 3. Examine the use of disposable covers 4. Determine influence of long term operation on human health 50

LUNA GAIA FUTURE RESEARCH: CONTAMINATION MITIGATION 1. Develop superior sterilization techniques to prevent forward contamination 2. Develop protocols and facilities for: • the quarantine of extraterrestrial samples A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • the detection of microbial structures 3. Assess the possibility of Helium 3 extraction from lunar regolith 4. Examine the use of bioengineered bacteria to liberate oxygen from regolith 51

LUNA GAIA FUTURE RESEARCH: PREPARING FOR MARS EXPLORATION • Technology advancement can reduce mission costs and support expanded human exploration • Systems testing and technology test beds can develop reliability in harsh environments • Common investments in hardware systems for A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Moon, Mars and other space objectives • Human and machine collaboration: Machines serve as an extension of human explorers, together achieving more than either can do alone • Breaking the bonds of dependence on Earth 52

LUNA GAIA FRAMEWORK ENABLERS We are at a point in history where a proper attention to space, and especially near space, may be absolutely crucial in bringing the world together. - Margaret Mead A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON ISS Astronaut Panel, SSP06 Photo: Jean-Francois Gauthier 53 Presenter: Mr. Jean-Francois GAUTHIER (CA)

LUNA GAIA TIMELINE: CRITICAL PATH FOR POLICY • •Need: Framework required to enable Need: Framework required to enable international cooperation Governing Governing international cooperation Body • •Recommendation: Inter-governmental Recommendation: Inter-governmental Body Agreement (basic backbone like ESA) Agreement (basic backbone like ESA) Political Political • •Need: Attracting Industry to play aasignificant Need: Attracting Industry to play significant role in the development of Luna Gaia role in the development of Luna Gaia Incorporating Incorporating • •Recommendation: Recommendation: A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Industry Industry • •Enable property rights Enable property rights Economic Economic • •Export Controls: Review of ITAR Export Controls: Review of ITAR • •Need: Forward and backward protection of Need: Forward and backward protection of celestial bodies from contamination celestial bodies from contamination Scientific Scientific Planetary Planetary • •Recommendation: Use/improve on policy Recommendation: Use/improve on policy Protection guidelines from International Council for Protection guidelines from International Council for Science Committee on Space Research Science Committee on Space Research Societal Societal • •Need: Nuclear fission reactor Need: Nuclear fission reactor Recommendation: International Agreement Nuclear Nuclear Recommendation: International Agreement that takes into consideration peaceful use, that takes into consideration peaceful use, Power Power human safety, and waste mechanisms human safety, and waste mechanisms 54

LUNA GAIA BUDGET ALLOCATIONS Comparison of Projected Cost $billion (USD, 2005) ESAS Baseline ESAS Baseline Adjusted Difference from ESAS Cost for Luna Gaia Baseline Development Phase 83 107.43 24.43 Deployment Phase undefined 12.5 N/A Total undefined 119.93 N/A A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Total cost from 2006-2029: ~120 Billion 20 % of 9 largest space agencies’ budgets over 23 years estimated to be close to 100 Billion International cooperation is vital to success but not sufficient 55 Private sector participation also required

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA RECOMMENDATIONS 1. GOVERNING BODY Integration model based on solid agreements regulating financial and decisional accountabilities. A working example is ESA Use lessons learned from the past such as A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Image courtesy of NASA the International Space Station, United Nations… 2. PARTICIPATION OF PRIVATE SECTOR ITAR rules need to be re-visited so as to not hamper the participation of private companies from various countries. Commercial interest in the venture seen as a catalyst since it is likely to generate public interest and stabilize funding; however, the need for enforceable guidelines is crucial to maintain proper control What good is the Moon? You can't buy it or sell it. - Ivan F. Boesky, Wall Street broker convicted of insider trading (shortly after his release from prison.) 56

LUNA GAIA PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP Public -Led PPP ts International Agency/ Government os M M C Customer ing an an urr age ec sk Ri me R n- en No gh Hi t Contracts A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON R&D, Tech /Knowledge Build / Transfer Infrastructure Transfer Operations Procurement Support Contracts O&M/ Life - Cycle Commercial Applications Support • Patent rights • Spin -Offs • Commercial sales Industry Partners 57

LUNA GAIA FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS 3. PLANETARY PROTECTION Build on COSPAR policies and make partners accountable for following them Important framework since it will likely form the basis for all future space exploration to Mars and beyond A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON ‘Twin’ Images Courtesy of NASA 4. NUCLEAR POWER Invest in improvements for security, waste, safety and environmental concerns Must educate the public, policy and law makers on nuclear power to eliminate old stigmas and allow to focus on improving the technology 58

LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON GAIA ETHICS & PHILOSOPHY “Ethical requirements apply even when legal requirements do not. They constitute moral – or ethical – obligations” (Pompidou, 2000). 59 Presenter: Dr. Sarah Jane PELL (AU)

LUNA GAIA ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The future is already here, it is just unevenly distributed – William Gibson • OBLIGATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS Legal or otherwise A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • MORAL STANDING AND MORAL AGENTS Religious, Societal, Philosophical • INTRINSIC VS. INSTRUMENTAL VALUES Cultural, Social, Environmental • ANTHROPOCENTRISM Political, Genetic • BIOCENTRISM & ECOCENTRISM 60 At the Edge of Space, 2006 Photo Dan Holdsworth

LUNA GAIA SOCIAL GOVERNANCE “Paraphrasing the National Space Society charter of 2006, we declare that Luna Gaia stands for the active pursuit and promotion of human settlement beyond the Earth, with scientific inquiry and exploration as important precursors. Luna Gaia advocates any and all methodologies that support the achievement of our vision in an ethical manner consistent with the preservation of fundamental human rights.” ‘Golden Egg’, 2003 All rights reserved artist Ho SuiKee MOTIVATIONS HESITATIONS A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Social/ Educational Risks Curiosity & Growth Human New Knowledge Environmental Social/Societal Economic/ Political Economic Prosperity Sovereignty & Power State organization Resource Access Expense Scientific Uncertainty Learning Survival of species Timing & Readiness 61

LUNA GAIA ENABLING FACTORS Definition of a common standard of operation, data collection and information transfer system: Geophysical Network Instruments Navigation and Positioning System Local Communication and Information System Mission Documentation A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Installation of an Interplanetary Internet Network (IPN) Installation nodes & endpoints Time stamping and synchronisation LUNA GAIA becomes a strategy to align exploration infrastructures, scientific processes and imagination with global peoples62

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA MODEL An opportunity to unchain from past to test innovative social, political & economic models 1. Establishment of an International Scientific Working Group (ISWG) 2. Establishment of an International A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Governmental Protections Taskforce (IGPT) An opportunity for humanity to understand a new perspective 3. Establishment of communication instrumentation and processes for long-term dialogue to reflect the specific dimensions of lunar habitat 4. Next frontier ambassadors 63 Top Image: Below: CNES, 2006 Artist: Kitsou Dubois

LUNA GAIA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON LEGAL FRAMEWORK 1. Existing Legal Framework • Applicable legal principles • Discrepancies & gaps 2. The Moon Agreement Jane & Louise Wilson, DVD 2002 Image Courtesy the artists & Whisson Gallery 3. The International Space Station 4. Luna Gaia Federation 5. Luna Gaia Legal Framework 6. Luna Gaia Sustainable Development 64 Presenter: Ms. Kwan Ting HO (CA)

LUNA GAIA EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK 5 TREATIES: 1967 The Outer Space Treaty 1968 The Rescue Agreement 1972 The Liability Convention 1975 The Registration Convention 1979 The Moon Agreement A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON 5 RESOLUTIONS: 1962 The Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Uses of Outer Space 1982 The Principles Governing the Use by States of Artificial Earth Satellites for International Direct Television Broadcasting 1986 The Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space 1992 The Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space 1996 The Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration & Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking Into Account the Needs of Developing Countries 65

LUNA GAIA OBSOLESENCE OF THE MOON AGREEMENT OUTER SPACE TREATY – 98 States MOON AGREEMENT – 12 States* (*Not ratified by USA, Russia, China) Article XI: • Role of developing countries • Non-appropriation (property rights) A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON for non-governmental entities Image: Universe Today • Commercial activity • International regime under auspices of United Nations • Regulation of exploitation of lunar resources, commercial activities, and profit-sharing between private & public partners • Private property rights key to Photo Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center attracting private investment 66

LUNA GAIA EXAMINING THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION “This Agreement is a long term international cooperative framework on the basis of genuine partnership, for the detailed design, development, operation, and utilization of a permanently inhabited civil Space Station for peaceful purposes, in accordance with international law.” International Space Station NASA, ESA, RKA, JAXA, CSA A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Multilayer Legal Structure: 1. Intergovernmental Agreement 2. Memoranda of Understanding 3. Commercial Contracts 4. Codes of Conduct • Registration determines jurisdiction & liability • Model for legal framework of ISEA: International Space Exploration Agency 67

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA FEDERATION Establishment through cooperation between intergovernmental organizations & private companies under existing space law International Space Exploration Agency (ISEA) - UN Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) ISEA Goals: A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • Development of Luna Gaia habitat & lunar exploration • Joint international responsibility between ISEA & member states • Technology transfer to developing countries • Dual use technologies in an internationally accepted framework Main Challenges: 1. Cost 2. National security 3. Competition 4. State Politics 68

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA FRAMEWORK Inter- Current Legal Governmental Framework Cooperation A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON FRAMEWORK Unique Government & Considerations/ Private Issues Partners 69

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Shelter, 2002 Artist Installation © Paul Kelly Gallery CONTAMINATION & POLLUTION • Outer Space Treaty, Article IX • Moon Agreement, Article VII NUCLEAR POWER A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Further Legal Recommendations: • Limit nuclear power sources to missions where no non-nuclear power source alternatives (UNCOPUOS, 1991) • Guidelines & specifications for safe use of nuclear power & waste disposal • Diminishing dependence on nuclear energy with goal of complete independence • Replacement with equivalent source of power, e.g. - solar thermal power 70

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA RECOMMENDATIONS • Current space law insufficient to support lunar development; many questions unanswered • Development and modification of existing regime to create framework that supports space activities with commercialization • Respect for principles of non-appropriation & benefit to mankind • Dual focus: - Protection of lunar environment A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON - Promotion of lunar development • Additional protocols and international agreements • International Space Exploration Agency (ISEA) • Intergovernmental & public-private cooperation using existing space laws for initial implementation and execution of Luna Gaia Luna Gaia will be a collaboration Photo Courtesy: NASA between governments & public-private partnerships 71

LUNA GAIA EARTH APPLICATIONS “When I orbited the Earth in a spaceship, I saw for the first time how beautiful our planet is. Mankind, let us preserve A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON and increase this beauty, and not destroy it!” Yuri Gagarin 72 Presenter: Mr. James CHARTRES (AU)

LUNA GAIA SPIN OFF/ SPIN IN BENEFITS FOR EARTH The design of a closed-loop lunar habitat necessitates the development of: • New technologies • Innovative uses of existing technologies • Innovative operational and A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON scientific knowledge There is a great deal of opportunity for Earth Applications resulting from Luna Gaia to contribute to the sustainable development of Earth and the responsible management of its resources. 73

LUNA GAIA EARTH’S PRESSING ISSUES • Global Climate Change • Air pollution • Declining water quality and availability • Declining fossil fuel resources • Increasing desertification A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON MULTI GOVERNMENT RESPONSE Development of sustainable resource and waste management, environmental monitoring and quality control strategies and technologies. 74

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA EARTH APPLICATIONS • Furthering radiation protection technology • Improving air quality by decreasing CO2 • Microbial monitoring in hospitals A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • Improving surgical technology • Water recycling and filtration • Waste management • Reducing desertification 75

LUNA GAIA SPIN OFF COMMERCIALIZATION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: Enabling the commercialization of new products, technologies, services and opportunities resulting from Luna Gaia. SPIN OFF COMMERCIALIZATION: A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • Tourism on the Moon • The Moon as entertainment 76

LUNA GAIA EDUCATION & INFORMATION To prosper in a fiercely competitive global economy requires leadership in science and innovation. Luna Gaia will help foster a culture of innovation, and awaken the next generation of innovators. A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Student explore properties of ferromagnetic nano-particles at a Materials Science exhibition at the Ontario Science Centre 77 Presenter: Ms. Sara POIRIER (CA)

LUNA GAIA COMMUNICATIONS & INFORMATION SYSTEMS Goal: To establish quality, long-term relationships with strategic audiences Audiences • Stakeholder organizations A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • Partners • Public • Governments The radio sky, C. Haslam et al., MPIfR, Sky View (local, National, International) • Selected post-secondary education institutions Strategies • Dedicated senior communications resource • Highlight project milestones and Earth applications • Involve stakeholders in the development and learning's • Position Luna Gaia as humanities next great leap 78

LUNA GAIA PUBLIC RELATIONS “Convincing society to accept slow and steady progress towards a return to the Moon and a permanent Moon base may be more difficult than building the spaceships to get there.” The Space Review, March 2006 Media Strategy • Workshops on media and public A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON relations for all researchers • Website with contact info of ‘spokespersons’ from each area • Summaries of all journal publications with focus on importance and relevance • Focused presence at conferences with high media coverage (e.g.. AAAS) • Internships for science journalists Journalist's Workshop in Nanotechnology at the Kavli • ‘Social Media’ press release Institute at Cornell, 2004 79

LUNA GAIA PUBLIC RELATIONS STRATEGIES “Dialogue is the single most underutilized tool in the public affairs portfolio, and the one most likely to yield the greatest long-term credibility and success in the communications arena of the 21st century.” Daniel Yankelovich, Social Scientist International Forums • Café Scientifiques A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Partnerships with science advocacy groups • Planetary Society • National Space Society Space & art • Science Fiction & Literature • Zero G Choreography Café Scientifique at the Rivoli, Toronto Is creativity genetic? • Music Composition Andrew Smith: Author of ‘Moon Dust’ (UK) with Apollo Astronaut Alan Bean (US) • Film, Multi Media, Fine Arts ‘Space Soon: art & human spaceflight’ Symposium & Exhibition, The Roundhouse, • JAXA space poem London 2006. Photo Alexander van Dijk 80

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY quot;The problems that exist in the world today cannot be solved by the level of thinking that created them.quot; - Albert Einstein Universities • Engineering design competitions • “Payload Science” at Lunar lab A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • Internships at R&D facilities • Conferences & Workshops • Symposia, Production & Publication K-12 • Web-based teacher resources (e.g. curriculum guides, Ontario Science Centre robot building classroom activities, “ask a scientist” ..) workshop, 2006 • Luna Gaia simulator (a la Challenger Learning Centres) • Scheduled live-feed Q& A sessions 81

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA INFORMAL EDUCATION Wireless Networks & the Internet The Discovery Channel’s Race to Mars series • Field diaries • Pod casts • Virtual tours / VR simulations • Networked gaming • Citizen Science initiatives A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Media Partnerships (e.g. Discovery’s Race to Mars) Science Centres and Museums • “Challenges” based on Luna Gaia scenarios with real world analogs • ASTC partnered traveling exhibition 82 New experiences at the Ontario Science Centre’s Weston Family Innovation Centre

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA IN SUMMARY • Establishment of Luna Gaia through a step based program with precursor mission to prove technologies • Innovative power system solution incorporating phase based build up and redundancy A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • Advance hybrid life support system consisting of biological and Physico-chemical systems to minimize re- supply and as a test bed for Human Mars exploration • Utilization of existing countermeasure in combination with new innovative countermeasure for crew health (physical, psychological and social) 83

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA IN SUMMARY • Recommendations have been put forward to facilitate the establishment of legal and political frameworks including international cooperation and partnership with private industry • Education and Outreach programs could potentially gain A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON and provide continued public support for Human exploration of the solar system • Avenues for further research have been identified and possible risk mitigation strategies have been suggested • Technologies developed for Luna Gaia have both short and long term application to solve some of the current global issues relating to climate change and resource management 84

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA KEY POINTS 1. Luna Gaia is built around an innovative, hybrid closed loop life support system 2. It has the capability to support up to 12 inhabitants and is designed to ensure safety and the well-being A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON (physical, social and psychological) of its occupants 3. Possibility for several key technologies from Luna Gaia supporting sustainability on Earth 85

LUNA GAIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special Thanks To • Jeff Jones • Pete Worden • Michael Loweth • Alan Weston • M.C. Natori • Will Marshall • Lin Burke A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • Mikhail Marov • Paul Todd • Axelle Cartier • Mark Kliss • Carol Carnett • Bruce Webbon • Fabio Sau • Steve Brody • Alexander Ivanov • Mathieu Gruber 86

LUNA GAIA AUTHORS • Masa Amano • Alfredo Agenjo • Francesc Betorz • Simon Auclair • Yibing Deng • James Chartres • Martin Gagnon • Stephen Eisele • Nil Garcia • Natalie Galley • Tracy Gill • Jean-Francois Gauthier • Zhonglai Guo • Kieran Griffith • David Haslam • Daryn Harkins • Adam King A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • Kwan Ting Ho • Scott MacPhee • Violetta Kuvaeva • Michelle Murray • Huges Wilfrid Mbezal • Jonathan O’Regan • Padraig O’Gallachoir • Shabnam Ozlati • Noriyuki Onoue • Sara Poirier • Sarah Jane Pell • Yumiko Tateshita • Hidemi Takahashi • Jeroen Vandersteen • Erin Tranfield 87

LUNA GAIA EXECUTIVE SUMMARAY AVAILABLE ON LINE AT www.ssp06.isunet.edu.au Mission Statement Questions? A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Photo courtesy of NASA/Devin Island Project 88 Q & A: Mr. James CHARTRES (AU)

EXTRA SLIDES 89

LUNA GAIA LUNA GAIA SOLAR THERMAL POWER When complete, the solar thermal power generation system will contain 64 individual self-rotating mirrors, which combine to form a total collection area of 8,808.5 m2. A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON 90

LUNA GAIA i.e. THE MULTI-STACKED MICROALGAE PHOTOREACTOR A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON • Utilized to convert Carbon Dioxide to Oxygen • Now commercialized and incorporated within urban architecture to reduce smog and improve air quality 91

LUNA GAIA LuGaLiSuS FOOD CYCLE • 20m2 per person growth area • All food groups covered: Algae: Cyanobacteria Spirulina Fruits and Vegetables: Soybeans 100g A CLOSED LOOP HABITAT FOR THE MOON Peanuts 100g Wheat 400g Carrots 300g Lettuce 200g Tomatoes 100g Protein & Essential Oils: Tilapia (Fish) 50g • Re-supply Luxury Items (processed foods) Vitamin & Mineral Supplements 92 Images © NASA

MINIMAL 93

http://jk10losastrosjk10.blogspot.com	267
http://www.sarahjanepell.com	30
http://jk10losastrosjk10.blogspot.com.es	24
http://www.slideshare.net	18
http://jk10losastrosjk10.blogspot.mx	17
http://jk10losastrosjk10.blogspot.com.br	3
http://qapod2-win.pd.local	2
http://jk10losastrosjk10.blogspot.com.ar	2
http://192.168.10.100	1

NASA ARC Director's Colloquium 16 Nov 2006 - Luna Gaia: a closed loop habitat for the Moon

by Sarah Jane Pell on Nov 03, 2008

Accessibility

Categories

Tags

Upload Details

Usage Rights

9 Embeds 364

Statistics

NASA ARC Director’s Colloquium 16 Nov 2006 - Luna Gaia: a closed loop habitat for the Moon — Presentation Transcript