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學習目標
• 第一節
– 說出急救的定義和目的
– 列出救治的程序
– 描述出初步檢查的程序和重要性
– 找出撓動脈和頸動脈位置
– 說出呼吸、脈搏的正常讀數
急 救??
• 利用意外現場所提
供之人力、物力對
傷病者施行之初步
救援,並符合基本
醫學技巧。
急 救 目 的
• 維持生命
• 防止傷勢惡化
• 促進復原
急救人員的責任
1. 迅速評估現場安全情況
2. 迅速辨認出傷患者的即時危險
3. 尋求協助
4. 利用曾學習之知識及技巧小心處理傷
患者
為減低感染機會,急救員應 :
• 盡可能戴上用後即棄保護性手套。
• 避免被傷患者身上或現場的尖銳物品刺傷
。
• 處理動脈出血傷者時,應戴上保護眼罩。
• 在進行人工呼吸時,應使用保護性面罩。
• 在處理傷者後,應使用肥皂水清潔雙手。
救治之程序
 初步檢查 D. R. A. B. C.
D – DANGER 觀察現場環境
( 安全?範圍?穩定?傷者人數?
)
R – RESPONSE 檢查傷者反應
請求別人協助報警及急救
A – AIRWAY 暢通氣道
B – BREATHING 檢查呼吸
C – CIRCULATION 檢查血液循環表徵
支持生命基本條件:
• Airway
– 維持氣道暢通
• Breathing
– 維持呼吸
• Circulation
– 維持血液循環
急救優先次序
• 窒息
• 人事不省
• 大量出血
• 燒傷、燙傷
• 骨折
急救課程 ( 溫習題 )
• 第一節
• …急救員進入災場前,應先考慮
• 正常成人脈搏每分鐘 ____ 次
學習目標
• 第二節
– 懂得處理輕微傷口
– 列出敷料的用途和種類
– 施行直接壓法止血
– 述出眼部受傷和異物入眼的處理
– 述出鼻部受傷和出血的處理
– 利用捲軸繃帶包紮出血部位
輕微傷口 - 處理
• 安置傷者於光線充足,潔淨塵少的地
方。
• 除已消毒的敷紮用具以外,避免用手
接觸傷口及傷口四週的皮膚。
• 如傷口有鬆浮的異物 ( 如泥沙 ) ,可先
用清水沖洗後再處理。
流鼻血 - 處理
• 教傷者用口呼吸
• 使傷者坐直,頭略
向前傾
• 用手指捏鼻蓆端柔
軟部份約十分鐘
• 如不能止血,儘快
送院
眼部受傷 - 處理
• 將傷者仰臥
• 不可於眼睛上施壓
– 包括擦眼、咳嗽、打噴嚏
• 不可試圖抹去血液或血塊
• 包紮時應將健側亦遮蓋,以減少眼球活
動
• 速送醫院
止血法
• 直接壓法
– 用力直接按壓出血處,
並保持足夠壓力於傷口上
。
• 提高傷處
– 將受傷部位儘量提高,
至高過心臟位置。
如可能,先穿保護性手
套
敷料 ??
• 敷料應該是 :
– 清潔、柔軟
– 透氣、吸水
• 敷料用途 :
– 減少傷口受到感染
– 吸收排出的血液
– 幫助止血、保護傷口
繃帶用途
• 保持壓力
• 固定敷料或夾板
• 減低腫脹
• 支持 / 承托傷肢或關節
• 避免傷處移動
• 幫助運送傷者
青年急救課程 ( 溫習題 )
• 第二節
– 處理流鼻血傷者時應 ...
– 繃帶用途為 ...
– 敷料應該是 ...
學習目標
• 第三節
– 說出各類肌肉、關節損傷的成因和徵狀
– 認識肌肉、關節損傷的處理方法
肌肉抽筋
• 徵狀:
– 疼痛
– 硬實及痙攣感覺
– 無法鬆弛已收縮肌肉
肌肉抽筋 - 處理方法
• 休息
• 鎚打或按摩
• 將肌肉慢慢拉直
– 小腿 - 伸直膝部,板高足部
– 大腿 - 屈曲膝部
– 足部 - 將足趾伸直踏一下
肌肉拉傷
• 徵狀:
– 疼痛
– 輕微腫脹
– 僵硬
– 失力
– 正常活動能力減弱
關節扭傷
• 徵狀:
– 紅、瘀
– 腫脹
– 疼痛
– 活動能力減弱
肌肉拉傷 / 關節扭傷 - 處理
• R est - 休息受傷部份
• I ce - 冷敷
• C ompression - 包紮
• E levation - 承高
關節脫位
• 徵狀:
– 紅、腫脹、劇痛
– 關節變形
– 不能活動
• 處理方法:
– 不可試圖將脫離之關節撥回原位
– 承托及固定
– 送院
青年急救課程 ( 溫習題 )
• 第三節
– …肌肉拉傷徵狀為
– 處理肌肉拉傷 / …關節扭傷的程序為
– …肌肉抽筋的處理方法為
學習目標
• 第四節
– 認識導致骨折的原因
– 列出骨折的種類
– 說出一般骨折的徵狀和處理原則
– 下頷骨、上臂、前臂、手腕骨折的處理方法
– 骨折部位在包紮前和處理後所需要的檢查
骨折原因
• 直接暴力
• 骨在受暴力之處折斷
• 間接暴力
• 骨折之處並非受力部份
•閉合骨折
軟組織輕微損傷 ( 單純骨折
)
骨折 - 種類
軟組織嚴重損傷 ( 複雜骨折
) 
•  開創骨折
軟組織輕微損傷
軟組織嚴重損傷
骨折 - 種類
•  青枝骨折
骨之一邊斷裂,另一邊完好,
多發生於兒童
骨折 - 種類
骨折 - 徵狀
• 紅、腫脹、瘀
• 觸痛
• 失力
• 失去正常活動能力
• 畸形
• 有骨骼磨擦感覺
• 休克
如有懷疑時,當骨折處理
骨折 - 處理
• 如非必要,切勿移動傷者,以免骨折情
況惡化
• 初步檢查 D.R.A.B.C.
• 首先處理嚴重出血及傷勢
• 固定骨折部位
• 預防休克 - 送院
如為開創骨折,應先用間接壓法止血
如可能,先穿保護性手
套
青年急救課程 ( 溫習題 )
• 第四節
– …骨折成因為
– …骨折種類可分為
– …骨折一般處理程序為
學習目標
• 第五節
– 認識熱衰竭的徵狀
– 列出熱衰竭的處理
– 認識中暑的徵狀
– 列出中暑的處理
受熱衰竭
大量損失身體的水份及鹽份所致。
• 徵狀:
– 面青唇白
– 皮膚濕冷
– 脈搏快弱
– 呼吸淺速
– 口渴
– 噁心、嘔吐
– 神智不清
– 下肢、腹部抽搐
受熱衰竭 - 處理
• 移至陰涼環境休息
• 補充水份和鹽份
• 處理休克
中暑
人體無法藉著出汗散發體溫。
• 原因:
– 由受熱衰竭演變而成
– 不習慣炎熱和潮濕天氣
– 在酷熱環境中過久
中暑 - 徵狀
• 體溫高( 40℃ )或以上
• 面色潮紅
• 皮膚乾燥
• 呼吸深
• 脈搏強
• 頭暈、頭痛
• 昏迷
中暑 - 處理
• 移至陰涼環境
• 密切注意呼吸、脈搏
• 除去衣物
• 盡快為患者降溫
• 速送醫院
* 留意處理的速度速度比處理的方法方法更重要
受熱衰竭 / 中暑對比
皮膚乾燥
體溫非常高
無汗
皮膚濕冷
體溫可能正常
出汗
受熱衰竭 中暑
個人急救袋
青年急救課程 ( 溫習題 )
• 第五節
– 中暑的徵狀為 ...
– 受熱衰竭的徵狀為 ...
– …述出處理中暑和受熱衰竭方法

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