BIS2C_2020. Lecture 22 Fungi Part 1

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
BIS2C
Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2020
Lecture 22:
Fungi Part 1
Prof. Jonathan Eisen

YAHIMY - Yet another hummingbird in my yard

Blue Grosbeak in rural Davis

Tricolored blackbird (endangered) in Woodland

Beaver at Yolo Bypass

Pacific Slope Flycatcher at Yolo Bypass

Copper butterfly at Yolo Bypass

River otter at Yolo Bypass

Bullock’s Oriole at Yolo Bypass

Swainson’s Hawk

White tailed Kite

Something from the Lorax

Baby Virginia Rails

!Lecture 21: Plants
!Lecture 22: Fungi 1
!Lecture 23: Fungi 2
Lecture 22 Context

Learning Goals
• Understand key innovations that distinguish
fungi from other organisms and distinguish
the groups of fungi from each other
• Understand and be able to compare and
contrast main features of growth, cellular
structures and life cycles seen in fungi

Lecture 22 Outline
• Fungi
!Introduction and general features
!Phylogenetic diversity
!Diversity of form
!Diversity of life cycles

Fungi Introduction
Fungi are
Diverse

Fungi: What are They?

Fungi are Eukaryotes

Opisthokonts
Fungi are Opisthokonts

More on
Opisthokonts
on Wednesday
next week

More on
Opisthokonts
on Wednesday
next week
Today,
Tomorrow
Focus on Fungi

Fungi Are Important

Importance of Fungi I: Food

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Grows naturally on many
fruits (e.g., grapes)
• Also known as Brewer’s
yeast and budding yeast
Sugars ---> Acetaldehyde + CO2 --> Ethanol

Penicillium camemberti
• Penicillium
camemberti
• Used in
production of Brie
and Camembert
cheeses

Penicillium roqueforti
• Penicillium roqueforti
• Used in production of
blue cheeses

Other fungi used in food/ food production?

Fungal cultivation by animals
Fungal cultivation by animals Termites
Leaf cutter ants
Snails
Ambrosia beetles

Importance of Fungi II: Industry and Society

Composting

Biopulping

Biofuels

Industrial Mycology- enzymes, alcohol, citric acid

UC Davis Phaff Yeast Collection
Kyria Boundy-Mills

Novozymes in Davis

Lichens for dyes
Human uses of lichens: dyes

Importance of Fungi III: Pharmaceuticals

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
Staphylococcus “lawn”

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
Vacation Time: took off August 1928

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
with mold growing on it.
Bacteria around mold
dead.
Returned to lab September 3, 1928

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
Penicillium notatum

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
Mould juice
aka
Penicillin

Acremonium strictum: Cephalosporin

Coming Soon …
We need
more
antibiotics

Importance of Fungi: Other

Many Important Fungal Symbioses
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -

Many Important Fungal Symbioses
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
Lecture 23

Fungal decomposition
• Decomposition of organic matter driven
largely by fungi
• Major contributors to recycling nutrients in
every ecosystem

Predatory Fungi

Fungal Key Features

Fungi Share
Many Features
in Common
Fungal Key Innovations

Fungal Key Innovation 1 - Chitin in Cell Wall
• Chitin is a long polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (a
sugar similar to glucose)
• Found in the cell walls of fungi
• Also found in other taxa (i.e., not unique to fungi
but the way it is used in the cell wall is)
• Functions in cell walls of fungi in similar ways to
peptidoglycan of bacteria - protects cells, provides
rigid structure
Chitin

Fungal Key Innovation 2 - Absorptive Heterotrophy
• Digest food outside of self by secreting enzymes
to break down large food molecules
• Then absorb the breakdown products.
• Many are saprobic living off dead or decaying
organic matter (e.g., leaves, dead organisms)
Absorptive heterotrophy

Fungal Decomposition

A Phylogeny of the Fungi

Many fungi are single celled some or all of the time
Yeasts
Microsporidia
Chytrids

Many fungi are multicellular
• Hyphae cell walls have chitin.
• Hyphae allow high surface area to
volume ratio. Aids in absorption but
susceptible to drying.
• Hyphae with incomplete cross walls
are septate.
• Hyphae without septa are
coenocytic.
• Collections of hyphae = mycelia
Fruiting
Body
Vegetative
mycelia
Hyphae

Mushroom growth

Mycelia of single fungi can get very very very big
66

Hyphae-like structures seen in many other taxa

Stramenopiles: Oomcyetes
Phytophthora
Potato Late Blight
• Non-photosynthetic.
• Are absorptive heterotrophs
• Once were classed as fungi, but
are unrelated.
Sudden Oak Death

High-GC Gram Positives (Actinobacteria)
• High G+C/A+T ratio in DNA
• Elaborate branching
• Some reproduce by forming
chains of spores at tips of
filaments
• Most antibiotics are from this
group
• Causative agents of many
diseases such as
tuberculosis and leprosy
• Many originally misclassified
as fungi

Amoebozoans: Plasmodial Slime Molds
• Individual motile cells can form single,
multinucleate cell (plasmodium)
• Ingest food by endocytosis
• Form spores on stalks called fruiting
bodies.
• Found in cool, moist habitats

Fungal Groups Distinguished in part by Life Cycles

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020Slide by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020

Ic
Slide by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Diplontic

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020Slide by Brian Moore for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2020
Haplontic

Sporic

SporicAlternation of generations

What You Will Need to Know About Fungal Life Cycles

What You Will Need to Know About Fungal Life Cycles
• What you will need to know about fungal
life cycles:
!Major differences between groups
!Transitions between ploidy levels (n, 2n,
n+n, other)
!Multicellular stages
!Possible advantages to life cycle
innovations

Chytrids

Chytrids
Flagellated
gametes

Chytrids
Flagellated
spores

Chytrids
Flagellated
spores
Flagellated
gametes
Single celled
chytrids skip
the
multicellular
stages

Chytrids: Flagellated Spores & Gametes Aid Dispersal

Thought question
The Chytrid Life cycle could be described as
which of the following:
A. Diplontic
B. Haplontic
C. Alternation of generations
D. A or B
E. B or C

Innovation - Decoupling Plasmogamy & Karyogamy

Fertilization

Fertilization
n n
Haploid Gametes

Fertilization
n n
FertilizationHaploid Gametes

Fertilization
n n
Fertilization
nn
Haploid Gametes Diploid Zygote

Fertilization
n n
FertilizationHaploid Gametes Diploid Zygote
2n

Fertilization
n
2n
Egg Sperm

Fertilization
n n
2n
Mating
Type A
Mating
Type B

Fertilization Has Two Key Events

n n
Haploid Gametes

n n
FertilizationHaploid Gametes Zygote
nn

n n
Fertilization
Fusion of cells
Haploid Gametes Zygote
n n
nn

n n
Fertilization
Fusion of cells Fusion of nuclei
n n
nn

n n
Fertilization
Gamos: Greek for marriage
Syngamy
n n
nn

n n
Fertilization
Plasma (i.e., plasma membrane)
Syngamy
n n
nn
Plasmogamy

n n
Fertilization
Karyo (i.e. eukaryote = nucleus)
Syngamy
n n
nn
Plasmogamy Karyogamy

n n
Fertilization
Karyo (i.e. eukaryote = nucleus)
Syngamy
n n
nn
Plasmogamy Karyogamy
Key Fungal Innovation:
Decoupling of
Plasmogamy and
Karyogamy

Life Cycle of a Zygospore Fungus

BIS2C_2020. Lecture 22 Fungi Part 1

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