6. Climate and Agriculture in Africa 10,000 BCE Sahara was a grassland Rivers and lakes Sustained people 5,000BCE Societal organization Small monarchies Semi divine kings
7. It’s getting hot in here! Climactic change Region is hot and dry so NOW WHAT? Forced to settle by water Lake Chad The Nile
8. D’Nile is just a river in Egypt River floods on a schedule Recedes Level of fertile soil
9. We Get Presents! The gifts of the Nile Egypt and Nubia Affected by others Mesopotamia-grains and wheat Sudanic people-cattle, donkeys, Irrigation improved Move to higher lands further from the Nile By 4,000BCE many villages along the Nile
10. Menes the Great Unifier Egypt and Nubia like bickering neighbors 3100 BCE Menes-Minor official Unified Egypt into one large centralized state Nubia continued to be decentralized Egypt tried to conquer Nubia Kush More cordial with trade
11. The Old Kingdom Pre 2040BCE Pharaohs were considered gods Deserved massive tombs Built pyramids
12. The Middle Kingdom 2040BCE-1550BCE Hyksos Semitic speaking people invaded Eventually Egyptians drove them out Started the New Kingdom
13. 1550BCE Bureaucracy vastly expanded New pharaohs Building projects temples Palaces And statues Conquered coastal regions of the Mediterranean Down through Nubia The New Kingdom
14. But what had happened was… Egyptian decline 1100BCE Upper Egypt fell to Nubian forces 7th century BCE Assyrians(M) invaded the Northern Nile Valley Commencing a continual pattern of foreign domination
15. The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions
16. Civilization is so complex Egypt is very prosperous Growth of cities Complex Religion Writing systems Specialized labor Social stratification
17. Cities Several Large cities serves as political, cultural and economic centers Memphis & Thebes Notable for political roles
18. Social strata Pharaoh No nobility Military bureaucracy-high social positions Urban middle class Peasants Slaves Nubian society developed similarly
19. Where my girls at? More authority than (M-women) Some ladies gained power as regents to young rulers Queen Hatshepsut –co ruler Depicted w/ a beard Priestesses and scribes Nubia had many women rulers
21. Cont’d Egyptians travel much by boat Some long distance overland trade routes Adopted wheeled vehicles (m) Trade Nubia, Mediterranean, and Ethiopia Cotton , pottery & wine For ivory, ebony, animal skins, gold, and slaves Import trees from the middle east
22. Writing Possible borrowed from M. Appeared around 3200BCE papyrus Carved into monuments Hieroglyphs Eventually adopt Greek alphabet Professional scribes-prestigious social status Nubians have hieroglyphs that evolve into alphabet
23. Religion Polytheistic Gods Amon, Ra, Osirus Associated with nature & super natural (sun, moon etc.) Massive temple complexes dedicated to gods Pharaohs associate with gods 1473-breif period of monotheism after Akenaten Mummification Nubians polytheistic and adopts some Egyptian gods
