Everything old is new again

everything old is new again designing for the futurehttp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/ssoosay/4128397609/

“...it takes on average 20 years for a technology to make the transition from ﬁrst articulation to maturity (deﬁned as becoming a $1billion industry)…the mouse, for example, took 30 years. “ – Bill Buxton, Principle researcher MicrosoftPatent 3522664 November 1967

take for example the humble fax machine... (a technology that may ﬁnally have outlived its usefulness)http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/mattjiggins/4009310821/

1843 Alexander Bain The fax machine was ﬁrst envisioned and patented in 1843 by Scotsman Alexander Bain... (image shown is of an 1850 iteration)Image source: Wikipedia

1843 1848 Alexander Bain Frederick Bakewell ...then improved on (and patented once again) in 1848 by Frederick Bakewell.Image source: Wikipedia

1843 1848 1861 Alexander Bain Frederick Bakewell Giovanni Castelli Then improved on once again 13 years later, this time by Giovanni Castelli, an Italian priest... Castelli’s pantelegraphPantelegraph image courtesy ITIS Gallileo

1843 1848 1861 1865Alexander Bain ﬁrst fax service Frederick Bakewell Giovanni Castelli Then in 1865, Castelli went on to establish the ﬁrst Paris public fax service... (the service worked over telegraph lines and ran between Paris and Lyon) Lyon

1843 1848 1861 1865 1876 Alexander Bain ﬁrst fax service Frederick Bakewell Giovanni Castelli ...this was still 11 years before the invention of the telephone... (this isn’t unusual—we don’t always know the true value of a technology until a related one comes along) Photo of Bell usin g t h e t e le phone in N e w Yo r k.Image source: Wikipedia

1843 1848 1861 1865 1876 telephone Alexander Bain patent: ﬁrst fax service Alexander Frederick Bakewell Graham Bell Innocenzo Giovanni Castelli Manzetti Thomas Six people were known to have been working on Edison “voice transmission over a wire” around the J. P. Reis time that Bell was ultimately successful in Elisha Gray obtaining the ﬁrst patent. Antonio Meucci Alexander Thomas Innocenzo Johann Elisha Antonio Graham Bell Edison Manzetti Phillip Reis Gray MeucciImage source: Wikipedia - History of the telephone

1843 1848 1861 1865 1876 1877 telephone Alexander Bain patent: ﬁrst fax service Alexander Frederick Bakewell Graham Bell Innocenzo Giovanni Castelli Manzetti Thomas telephone Shortly thereafter, a Hungarian engineer by the Edison exchange: Tivadar Puskás name of Tivadar Puskás invented the telephone J. P. Reis switchboard—which allowed for the formation of Elisha Gray telephone exchanges (and eventually networks). Antonio Meucci Alexander Thomas Innocenzo Johann Elisha Antonio Tivadar Graham Bell Edison Manzetti Phillip Reis Gray Meucci PuskásImage source: Wikipedia - History of the telephone

almost immediately—we began dreaming up ways to move phones aroundhttp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/qwrrty/3989643653

an example from the early 1920s A wireless phone prototype for the well- to-do lady on the town...Watch the video Courtesy Pathé Films Archive on YouTube

...of course it’s a bit bulky, so the lady may need a gentleman to carry it...Watch the video Courtesy Pathé Films Archive on YouTube

telephone box wire coiled around a fire hydrant “The two ladies are using a small simple HF radio, probably a ‘Cat’s Whisker’ type. For it to work it needs to be earthed, which is why it’s connected to the ﬁre hydrant...”Watch the video Courtesy Pathé Films Archive on YouTube

handheld mouthpiece “The antenna (or aerial) is the wire in the umbrella...” - Explanation courtesy of Simon Atkins, an Ex-Royal Signals oﬃcerWatch the video Courtesy Pathé Films Archive on YouTube

the simplest solution was of course to distribute the phones throughout our environment (a solution that remained useful for more than 100 years!)Public phone booth: Lancaster county Pennsylvania

in a pinch, you could also build a portable booth a mobile phone center for reporters in 1960s ChicagoCopyright: Popular Science - via modernmechanix.com

Finally, after twenty years of experimentation(and the invention of microprocessors) we ended up with this.... 1983: the $3,995 DynaTAC the ﬁrst mobile telephone that could connect to the telephone network without the assistance of a mobile operator

...which was released about the same time as this. 1984: the Apple Macintosh the ﬁrst commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user interface

...the following ten years were pretty much devoted to ﬁnding ways to combine these two concepts.... +

...until in 1993, IBM and Bell South released the world’sﬁrst smartphone: the Simon Personal Communicator... ooh, rounded corners…

Simon was not just the ﬁrst device to combine a portable computer with a phone...it also incorporated many concepts that are now standard on mobile devices... clock touchscreen calendar virtual keyboard address book electronic sketchpad email handwriting recognition text messaging predictive text input

Simon’s creators also envisioned the concept of apps to personalise and extend the device’s capabilities + Accounting Music Player Camera Version 1.0 Version 1.1 Version 1.0 cartridges designed to fit Simon’s PCMCIA slotArtist’s rendering based on photos from “Before iPhone and Android came Simon”

Simon retailed for $899 and sold about 50,000 units until it was discontinued due to a combination of “...technical limitations, product delays, a world-class corporate meltdown, revolving-door management, and bad business decisions...”Source: “Before iPhone and Android came Simon”

Simon’s apps were designed to be installed directly onto the device...yet around that time scientists at Xerox PARC were experimenting with a slightly diﬀerent approach...Courtesy Xerox PARC press archive

“ The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it…. - Mark Weiser (1991)http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/armaggeusa/3176297283

To further explore Weiser’s predictions of the implications of ubiquitous computing, PARC developed an oﬃce based context-aware networked computing environment, and a device they called the PARC TAB.Courtesy Xerox PARC press archive

The TAB was designed to be carried or worn at all times.Its size, weight, and features were speciﬁcally intended to promote casual, spur of the moment, computing. Name: Marge Eldridge Office: [ ] Ext: 518 Manager: chorded keys enabling basic Manages: 25/1/94 14:39 @ [ 461770] one-handed navigation “ 14:41 @ ” 14:41 511 462983 “ 14:42 @ ” 14:45 touch screen + stylus

This level of portability (unheard of in 1993) was made possible by several key design decisions. constantly connected to other Tabs and computers through a series of infrared communication hubs tiny processor = TAB applicationssmaller, cheaper & run on a user’s (far more lightweight more capable) (terminal-style) added beneﬁt: desktop system device contextual awareness (e.g. location, interactions with other devices, data and applications accessed)(apparently, researchers at Euro PARC were Mac based and developed ways to use and prototype Tab applications on a Mac)

This environment also enabled experiments in “intimate computing”. One of these was a context- aware application prototype called “Forget-me-not”. Name: Marge Eldridge Office: [ ] Ext: 518 Manager: The app was designed to Manages: 25/1/94 14:39 @ [ 461770] serve as an “external “ 14:41 @ ” 14:41 511 462983 memory prosthetic”, “ 14:42 @ automatically gathering data ” 14:45 (from the TAB or other devices operating on the network). This data could be used by participants to easily Manages: track and recall important 25/1/94 14:39 @ [ 461770] aspects of their lives. “ 14:41 @ phone date time person 1 call number person 2 dialledForget me not: Intimate computing in support of human memory

1983 1984 1992 1993 today todayMotorola IBMDynaTAC Simon PARC TAB Apple Macintosh ....the iPhone, Facebook and cloud computing were still close to 20 years away...

when working with technology it’s easy to believe that if something is cool, useful or in some way “superior” it will inevitably thrivehttp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/remedios/66912941

“ ...you’ll never hear someone spontaneously express a wish for a ubiquitous house or city. There are days, in fact, when it can seem to me that the entire endeavor has arisen out of some combination of the technically feasible and that which is of interest to people working in HCI. - Adam Greenﬁeld, Everywarehttp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/dodoorg/5023608260

...no matter how cool it may be...many technologies, ecosystems and conditions must align before an invention enters the lives of “normal people”.1937 1962 1971 2012 40 years of innovation including the growth of “The Electrocular” the microprocessor, the Internet, the web, something network data protocols, display technologies.... normal people will use :-) Google’s Project Glassuse of reﬂector sights in Virtual reality gogglescockpits during World War II Dr. Ivan Sutherland University of Utah

It’s worth remembering as well that “normal people” don’t actually have to use a technology for it to impact their lives...1937 1960 1962 1971 2012 40 years of innovation including the growth of Gilbert “The Electrocular” the microprocessor, the Internet, the web, something Klopfstein, a network data protocols, display technologies.... normal people French test-pilot will use :-) creates ﬁrst HUD system for use in Google’s commercial Project Glass aviationuse of reﬂector sights in Virtual reality gogglescockpits during World War II Dr. Ivan Sutherland University of Utah

...the most useful and widely deployed implementations may also turn out to be relatively mundane...1937 1960 1962 1971 1988 2012 Gilbert “The Electrocular” BMW implements the something Klopfstein, a first HUD-integrated normal people French test-pilot telematics will use :-) creates first HUD system for use in Google’s commercial Project Glass aviationuse of reflector sights in Virtual reality gogglescockpits during World War II Dr. Ivan Sutherland (modern day version shown) University of Utah

“Technological revolutions haveseveral interesting properties.First, we tend to overestimatethe immediate impact andunderestimate the long-termimpact.Second, we tend to place theemphasis on the technologiesthemselves, when it is really thesocial impact and cultural changethat will be most dramatic.”– Don Norman, Drop everything you’re doing http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/jordanﬁscher/61429449

learning how to use a new technology is one thing...http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/jcfrog/4692750598

making space for it in our lives is anotherhttp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/krossbow/4509414056

even when the value proposition should appear obviousBell telephone advertisement in National Geographic, 1958 - via Modernmechanix

this not only makes it tricky to market new products...it can also prevent those who design and develop them from imagining something completely new...

From futurists to product designers...we can’t help but insert bits of the present into our dreams of the future... telecommunication in the year 2000 ...as imagined in 1910Utopia: The Quest for the Ideal Society in the Western World

...and re-imagined in 1956Scientiﬁc American, 1956 - via Modernmechanix

Home of the Future:as imagined by Disney Imagineering, MIT and Monsanto in 1957

The home of the future looks futuristic and is entirely made of plastic! -1957-Watch the video on YouTube

...the interior however is designed to feel familiar, with a “normal” looking piano and dining room... -1957-Watch the video on YouTube

The recurring selling point however is plastic. There are plastic countertops, (motorised) plastics shelves and a “luxurious” set of plastic cups, plates and dishes. (Monsanto’s involvement obviously had something to do with this, but plastic was also the modern substance of the day). -1957-Watch the video on YouTube

In the bedroom “the lady of the house” has her own private plastic boudoir. On the counter is a speaker phone, complete with ultra modern push buttons instead of a rotary dial. (Note how lovingly the wife stares at the phone while speaking to her husband. On the one hand it’s charming that multitasking as you speak wasnt yet socially acceptable but it also kind of -1957- sad that 50 years later, we still spend a lot of time staring at our phones.)Watch the video on YouTube

The man of the house has the pleasure of shaving in his ultra modern bathroom—fashioned out of one giant piece of pre- moulded plastic. There’s also a “built-in” razor. (The razor is corded and hardwired to the wall :-) -1957-Watch the video on YouTube

The future of shopping: as imagined in 1969

The lady of the house browses a selection of tempting oﬀers via video display. -1969-Watch the video on YouTube

Push-buttons and dials are used to control what appears on the display... -1969-Watch the video on YouTube

She then uses another device to key in her choice of purchase. (It was hard to imagine at that point that devices might just “talk” to each other). -1969-Watch the video on YouTube

(To prevent social embarrassment...) the husband receives an itemised list of his wife’s purchases. -1969-Watch the video on YouTube

...which he carefully inspects... -1969-Watch the video on YouTube

...he then prints a copy of the order and uses a touch screen and stylus to sign in approval. -1969-Watch the video on YouTube

but mixing old and new isn’t all bad...

sometimes it may be exactly what we needhttp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/davilla/3363343340

The “old” brings with it familiar metaphors...http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/mujitra/6778948371

...and provides a commonconceptual framework.familiar gesturesays “I get howto use this...”

...transforming something alien into something that feels magical, yet familiar enough that you can see yourself using it. so many wires...run away! almost like shopping at Nike :-)Courtesy Makerbot Industries Blog and on Flickr

“Successful products are precisely those that don’t attempt to move user experiences signiﬁcantly, even if the underlying technology has radically shifted. In fact the whole point of user experience design is to manufacture the necessary normalcy for a product to succeed...” - Greg Borensteinhttp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/ducdigital/2892313560

with nothing familiar to hold on to it’s maybe not surprising that some ideas never quite make ithttp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/jurvetson/302869583

but metaphor and familiarity only go so far...

Golly gee...with a contraption like this, my wife could spend the whole day shopping! Good thing I still have to approve all those purchases! many new technologies requirefeatures to (implicitly) alleviate social angst

Source: Wikipedia In 1982 GRiD Systems Corp. released the ﬁrst clamshell style laptop. The GRiD Compass 1100 cost $8,150, yet that’s not why it failed to catch on...

“It was designed for business executives. And...one of the biggest obstacles, we had for selling the product was the fact—believe it or not—that it had a keyboard. Business people, who were in their 40s and 50s, didn’t have a computer or keyboard in their offices. It was associated with being part of the secretarial pool. And so youd put this thing in their office and theyd say, "Get that out of here." It was like getting a demotion. They were really uncomfortable with it.” – Jeff Hawkins speaking at the Computer History Museumhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/ducdigital/2892313560

according to anthropologist Genevieve Bell a technology must have the potential to impact us in three ways to cause social angst... (or as she calls it “moral panic”Women and children ﬁrst : technology and moral panic

it has to changeour relationship to time... http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/faceme/2882556082

it has to change our relationship to space...http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/shokai/4678255766

...and change our relationshipto other peoplehttp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/misbehave/2352753067

...changes in our relationship to time and spacedon’t come along nearly as often as they used to....

the phonograph suddenly made it possible to hear the voices of the dead...http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/puuikibeach/7400339252

“...it is really flying, and it is impossible to divest yourself of the notion of instant death...“ – The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century the advent of the railway caused intense fear of death... (above and beyond that caused by horrific accidents)Train wreck at Montparnasse, 1895, Wikipediahttp://www.flickr.com/photos/puuikibeach/7400339252

...it also caused what the Lancet medical journal then termed “nervous fatigue”...

“...even the elementary concepts of space and time have begun to vacillate. Space is killed by the railways, and we are left with time alone.“ – German-Jewish poet Heinrich Heine (1797-1856)http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/svensson/601272668

shifting time and space may now seem somewhat mundane...

...but changes in ourrelationships with people will likely cause angst for many years to come

...so what can the past teach us about designing for the future?

we often talk about the future as if it will arrive, fully formed on our doorstep one ﬁne morningPublic domain: Space colony art from the 1970s

residential smart card entry 4G alreadyold, organically formed overtaking 3G neighbourhoods ...and the stories we tell city-wide wi-ﬁ contactless Octopus smart card but the future is already here... smart grid and the old all jumbled up environmental monitoring with the new... paper map from the hotel http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/milo_riano/4336541309

the success of the products we designwill be deﬁned not merely by thetechnologies we invent... http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/preetamrai/5438199316

Rate of acceleration/deceleration of technology adoption by country but by the cultures that choose to welcome them...Research by Intel measures the rate at which technology adoption exceeds (or fallsbelow) expectations for the country’s level of GDP. Rates have been averaged acrossthree technologies: mobile phones, PC’s, and internet users.

which brings us back to the humble fax machine... a technology that now gathers dust in all but one “modern” culturehttp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/mattjiggins/4009310821/

...Japan

culture of handwritten documents warmth & personality instant visibility tech literacy: 1/5 of the population is over 65 use of seals instead of signatures for official transactions in Japan, fax machines still thrive in the home and at workSource: Japan and the fax: a love affair http://www.flickr.com/photos/kankan/55026589

But culture isn’t just about them... (these people we call “users”)

Anthropologist Clifford Geertz oncedefined culture as “...the stories wetell ourselves about ourselves. “ http://www.flickr.com/photos/leweb3/6498812861/

The more technology surrounds us,the more all of us will play a part indeﬁning these stories... http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/leweb3/6498812861/

...the future will not just be definedby the next big invention—it will bealso be defined by our ability todream beyond existing ones. http://www.flickr.com/photos/leweb3/6498812861/

“...innovation is not about doing somethingnew out of thin air. It is about forgettingthat what you are doing is old.- Dawn Nafus, anthropologist http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/keepwaddling1/3048726936/

scontact uat hello@yiibu.com Presentation deck available @ http://www.slideshare.net/yiibu many thanks to the amazing photographers on http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 @yiibu thank you http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/tinou/453593446