1. BY M. YASHWANTH TEJA
ITEC 1010 I year CSE(B)
Information and Organizations

2. WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
 Artificial intelligence (AI)
 The branch of computer science that aims to create
the intelligence of machines. An intelligent
machine is a system that perceives its environment
and takes actions that maximize its chances of
success
 The field was founded on the claim that a central
property of humans, intelligence can be so precisely
described that it can be simulated or imitated by a
machine. It aims at making computers behave like
humans.
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3.  Intelligent behaviour
 Learn from experience
 Apply knowledge acquired from experience
 Handle complex situations
 Solve problems when important information is
missing
 Determine what is important
 React quickly and correctly to a new situation
 Understand visual images
 Process and manipulate symbols
 Be creative and imaginative
 Use heuristics
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4. Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence
(that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest
advances have occurred in the field of games playing. The best
computer chess programs are now capable of beating
humans. In May, 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep
Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov. IBM’s
Watson was a significant demonstration of machine learning,
natural language processing, and information retrieval. The
world will benefit from the science and engineering put into
creating it. It has renewed the interest insome of these areas
and their applications.
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5. Major Branches of AI
 Perceptive system
• A system that approximates the way a human
sees, hears, and feels objects
 Vision system
• Capture, store, and manipulate visual images
and pictures
 Robotics
• Mechanical and computer devices that perform
tedious tasks with high precision
 Expert system
• Stores knowledge and makes inferences
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6.  Learning system
Major Branches of AI (2) or
• Computer changes how it functions
reacts to situations based on feedback
 Natural language processing
• Computers understand and react to
statements and commands made in a
“natural” language, such as English
 Neural network
• Computer system that can act like or
simulate the functioning of the human
brain
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7. ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Vision Learning
systems systems
Robotics Expert
systems
Neural
Natural language
processing networks
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8. L
IA NCE
I F I C IG E
RT LL
A
I NT
E Artificial Intelligence includes
Games playing: programming computers to play
games such as chess and checkers
Expert systems : In artificial intelligence, an expert
system is a computer system that emulates the
decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert
systems are designed to solve complex problems by
reasoning about knowledge, like an expert, and not by
following the procedure of a developer as is the case
in conventional programming. The first expert systems
were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the
1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly
successful forms of AI software.
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9. EXPERT SYSTEM
Knowledge engineer
Domain expert Knowledge user
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10. L
IA NCE
I F I C IG E
RT LL
A
I NT
E Artificial Intelligence includes
Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential
rewards because it would allow people to interact with
computers without needing any specialized knowledge.
You could simply walk up to a computer and talk to it.
Unfortunately, programming computers to understand
natural languages has proved to be more difficult than
originally thought. Some rudimentary translation systems
that translate from one human language to another are in
existence, but they are not nearly as good as human
translators. There are also voice recognition systems that
can convert spoken sounds into written words, but they do
not understand what they are writing; they simply take
dictation. Even these systems are quite limited -- you must
speak slowly and distinctly. Organizations
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11. More to be achieved
 Not widely used or tested
 Limited to relatively narrow problems
 Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge
 Possibility of error
 Cannot refine own knowledge base
 Difficult to maintain
 May have high development costs
 Raise legal and ethical concerns
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12. More to be achieved
 A robot must introduce facts that are relevant to a
particular moment. That is, a robot will examine its
current situation, and then look up the facts that will be
beneficial to choosing its subsequent action. The robot
should also search for any changeable facts. It then
examines these facts to determine if any of them have
been changed during a previous examination. There are
two basic types of change:
 Relevant Change: inspect the changes made by an
action
 Irrelevant Change: do not inspect facts that are not
related to the task at hand
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13. Recent Inventions in artificial
intelligence
 A Seven Adult-Sized Humanoid Robots Together for First
Time in the U.S
 New Computers Respond to Students' Emotions, Boredom
 Robot Obeys to Commands and Gestures At the CeBIT in
Hanover, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
 Three major advances aided by surgical robots have been
remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery, and
unmanned surgery.
 University of Utah engineers designed a new kind of video
game controller that not only vibrates like existing devices,
but pulls and stretches the thumb tips in different
directions to simulate the tug of a fishing line, the recoil of
a gun or the feeling of ocean waves.
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14. Recent Inventions in artificial
intelligence
 Public University of Navarre are working on a
computerised property valuation system which, by means
of artificial intelligence techniques, tries to emulate the
behaviour of a property valuer and thus offer the market
price of a property in any city in the world.
 Researchers in Sweden have created a computer program
that can score150 on standard non-verbal IQ test
questions.
 Researchers at Drexel University are bringing the latest
technological advancements in 3-D printing to the study of
ancient life
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15. Future of Artificial
Intelligence
 Recognizing what people are wearing.
 Determining the material properties of something
that is viewed.
 Discriminating general objects from the background.
 Recognizing general objects.
 Lip reading.
 Recognizing emotion.
 Gesture recognition.
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16. Further Research
 There should be no worry about A.I. making humans
redundant. Autobot (or any A.I)'s friendliness supergoal
will cause it to value humanity and individual humans and
their right to autonomy. An A.I. coordinating a city could
do so in tandem with, not instead of, humans. A machine
that controls the traffic signals can operate forever, never
takes a day off, and never needs to be paid. Since it
respects human autonomy, an A.I. with a friendliness
supergoal will only take over the jobs delegated to it. It
would be more efficient, and safe, to make Autobot
directly responsible for piloting all of the cars but humans
are not currently willing to relinquish control of their cars
and so Autobot seeks to fulfill its goals within this
limitation, rather than challenging it. Humans can keep
whatever jobs for themselves that they please but for this
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task, and many others, automation just makes more sense.

17. Further Research
 Finite state machines are a simple and effective artificial
intelligence technique for controlling a system and
providing the appearance of intelligence. The perceived
appearance of intelligence is more important than actual
intelligence, and that finite state machines are able to
provide this perception. This was proven through practical
analysis of a computer game, which is a very unforgiving
domain when it comes to quality of both product and game
playing experience.
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