1.
WOCAT Training at SOFTEC/LAREC
World Overview of Conservation
Approaches and Technologies
Kampong Chhnang, Cambodia
22. – 25. June 2014

2.
2
Programme
Date Content
Sunday 22.6 Introduction to WOCAT questionnaires (Technologies) ->
preparation for field
Monday 23.6. • Field day (morning): Technology documentation
• Afternoon: Introduction to Approach questionnaire ->
preparation for field
Tuesday 24.6. • Field day (morning): Approach, entering data to QA
• Afternoon: selection of As and Ts, data entering of QT
Wednesday
25.6. (1/2
day)
• Data entry in web
• Introduction to Climate Change questionnaire
• Debriefing and wrap up
Start 8:30
Departure to PP: 13:00, 11:30 lunch

3.
3
1. Introduction to WOCAT Technologies and
Approaches questionnaires
• Group work on questionnaires
• Preparation for field
2. Make WOCAT account
3. Introduction to WOCAT climate change
questionnaire
• Group work on questionnaires
• Preparation for field
Programme for Sunday 22.6.

4.
4
Introduction to WOCAT Tools
Questionnaires on
Technologies (QT) and Approaches (QA)

5.
5
Transect walk

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6

7.
7

8.
8

9.
9
Rice straw on field
A Technology to be documented.

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10
A framework for documentation and evaluation

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Who should fill the questionnaires?
A team of SLM specialists who are familiar with the details of the SLM
technology (technical, financial, socio-economic)
… making use of existing documents and seeking advice from land
users as much as possible
If there is no hard data available, provide a best estimate based on your
professional judgement!

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12
SLM Technologies
Questionnaire

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13
SLM Technology
Definition:
“agronomic,
vegetative, structural
and/or management
measures that
prevent and control
land degradation
and enhance
productivity in the
field”

14.
SLM Technology

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16

16.
17
Leave rice straw on field

17.
G. Schwilch
Questionnaires on SLM
technologies & approaches
Documenting information from
and with landusers
Documenting SLM knowledge at field level
Entering data in questionnaire
Entering data in database
Computer data entry form

18.
19

19.
20
Shaded areas:
questions
Unshaded
areas:
explanations
or examples
Read very
carefully and
thoroughly
(also the
introduction)
General Principles

20.
21
Open questions
If information is not available or question is not
applicable always indicate: n/a
Types of questions

21.
22
Instructions on circles and square boxes
Ranking categories

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23
Illustrations / Photos

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24
Good photos
and drawings
are essential

24.
PART 1: GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1 Contributing SLM specialist(s)
If several SLM specialists are involved, write the name of the main
resource person and his / her institution below and
add the other person(s) details in the Annex 1.
Last name / surname:
.......................................................................................
First name(s):
...........................................................
female ˜ male ˜
Current institution and address:
Name of institution: ..................
Address of institution: ..............
Postal Code:
---

25.
1.2 Brief identification of SLM Technology (see introduction, page i)
Country: Burkina Faso.........................................................
Technology code:
Technology code: boxes 1-3: country code; boxes 4-6: consecutive number;
will be assigned automatically when entering questionnaire information in the
database
1.2.1 Common name of SLM Technology: Composting associated with
planting pits
Do not use generic names but be more specific to ensure that the
Technology can be distinguished from similar ones (easier identification).
1.2.2 Local or other name(s) (with language)
Zai avec apport de compost
B R K 0 1 0
QT p. 1

26.
1.3 Area information
1.3.1 Define the area in which the SLM Technology has been applied
 Includes both the area occupied by conservation measures and the
additional area protected by them
State / Province: Boulgou Province
District / Commune:
Total SLM technology area: 200 km2
If precise area is not known, indicate approximately.
• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)
• 0.1 - 1 km2
• 1 - 10 km2
• 10 - 100 km2
• 100 km2 - 1,000 km2
• 1,000 km2 - 10,000 km2
• > 10,000 km2
QT p. 3

27.
Compost production, and its application in planting pits (zai) by farmers
on fields near their homes.
Compost is produced in shallow pits, approximately 20 cm deep and 1.5 m by 3
m wide. During November and December layers of chopped crop residues,
animal dung and ash are heaped, as they become available, up to 1.5 m high
and watered.
QT p. 4

28.
2.2.2.1 On which current land use type is the Technology applied?
Land use type(s) - subcategory(ies): agro-pastoral (usually one type, maximum two)
If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use type
before and after:
Original land use (before implementation of SLM Technology):
........................................................................................................................................
Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology) (if relevant):
.............................................................................................................................................................
2.2 Purpose and classification
Population increase has led to cultivation of all the available arable land, thus
shortening or eliminating fallow periods. Organic matter in the soil is reduced, the
water holding capacity of the soil has diminished and consequently yields have
fallen. This has been compounded by the droughts of the 1970s and 1980s.
QT p. 7

29.
30
C: Cropland: land used for cultivation of crops,
including fallow (field crops, orchards):
 Ca: annual cropping
 Cp: perennial non-woody cropping
 Ct: perennial tree and shrub cropping
Land use types
G: Grazing land: land used for animal production:
 Ge: extensive grazing land
 Gi: intensive grazing land
F: Forests / woodlands: land used mainly for wood
production, other forest products, recreation, protection:
 Fn: natural
 Fp: plantations, afforestation
 Fo: other (e.g. selective cutting of natural forests and
incorporating planted species).

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31
Land use types:
M: Mixed: mixture of land use types within the same
land unit:
 Mf: agroforestry (cropland and forest)
 Mp: agropastoralism (cropland and grazing land)
 Ma: agrosilvopastoralism (cropland, grazing land and
forest)
 Ms: silvopastoralism (forest and grazing land)
 Mo: other
O: Other land:
 Oi: mines and extractive industries,
 Os: settlements, roads, infrastructure network,
 Oo: others (wastelands, deserts, glaciers).

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32
Ranking categories
2.2 Purpose and classification cont’d
A SLM Technology consists of one or more SLM measures
belonging to the following categories:
QT p. 8

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Agronomic
Agronomic measures such as mixed cropping,
contour cultivation, mulching, etc.
• Are usually associated with annual crops
• Are repeated routinely each season or in a rotational sequence
• Are of short duration and not permanent

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34
Vegetative
Vegetative measures such as grass strips, hedge
barriers, windbreaks, etc.
• Involve the use of perennial grasses, shrubs or trees
• Are of long duration

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35
Structural
Structural measures such as terraces, banks, bunds,
constructions, palisades, etc.
• Often lead to a change in slope profile
• Are of long duration or permanent

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36
Management
Management measures such as land use change,
area closure, rotational grazing, etc.
• Involve a fundamental change in land use
• Involve no agronomic and structural measures

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37
Combinations
Combinations in conditions where they are complementary
and thus enhancing each other.
Any combinations of the above measures are possible, e.g.:
 Structural: terrace with
 Vegetative: fruit trees and grass with
 Agronomic: fertilization.

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38
Back to our example…
Composting associated with planting pits
1

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2.2 Purpose and classification
1
QT p. 9

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40
Fotos: H.P. Liniger
Mitigation / „Cure“Prevention „Rehab“
Stage of SLM intervention

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42
• W: Soil erosion by
water
Land Degradation types
Source: WOCAT 2007
• E: Soil erosion by
wind
• C: Chemical soil
deterioration
• P: Physical soil
deterioration
• B: Biological
degradation
• H: Water
degradation

41.
43
2.2 Purpose and classification cont’d
Ha: aridification 1
Pc: compaction 1
Wt: loss of topsoil 2
Cn: fertility decline and reduced OM 1
QT p. 9

42.
2.2.2.5 What were the main causes of land degradation
(identified in 2.2.2.4)?
Direct causes
- Human induced
Deforestation /removal of natural vegetation
Over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use
Other human induced causes: abandonment of fallows
- Natural
Change of seasonal rainfall
Indirect:
Education, access to knowledge and support services
Demographics
Poverty / wealth
2.2 Purpose and classification cont’d
QT p. 10

43.
45
1 x
x
x
QT p. 12

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46
2.4 Technical Drawing
QT p. 13

45.
2.5 Technical specifications, implementation
activities, inputs and costs for
Choose among
•2.5.1. agronomic measures QT15 -17
•2.5.2. vegetative measures QT 18 - 20
•2.5.3. structural measures QT 21 - 24
•2.5.4. management measures QT 25 - 27
 Type and layout, type of management
 Activities, inputs, and costs (establishment
and maintenance)
QT p. 14/15

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48
2.6 Overview of costs
QT p. 28

47.
2.7 Natural environment
• Average annual rainfall
• Agro-climatic zone
• Growing seasons per year
• Altitude
• Landforms
• Slopes
• Soil information - depth, texture, etc.
• Water information – availability, quality, etc.
• Biodiversity
QT p. 30-34

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50
2.7.5 Adaptation to climate variability
QT p. 31

49.
2.8 Human environment and land use
• Land users applying technology
• Population density
• Land ownership / Land use and water use
rights
• Significance of off-farm income
• Access to services and infrastructure
• Market orientation
• Cropping system, size, etc. of production
systems (e.g. cropland, grazing land)
QT p. 35-41

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PART 3: Analysis
3.1 Impacts
QT p. 42

51.
53
x
x
x
x
QT p. 48

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54
QT p. 50
Possibility of doubling cereal
yields in normal years: any
surplus production can be sold
Produce enough good
compost/manure.
Ensures yields in dry years, giving
security against drought and
hunger
The modest quantity of compost
applied is not enough to replace
the nutrients extracted by the
crops in the long term
Small amounts of nitrogen and
phosphorous fertiliser need to be
added and crop rotation
practiced.

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55
Documented questionnaire
nicely presented (reader
friendly) in a 4-page
summary

54.
Standardized SLM Technologies
Automatically generated from the database!

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57

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58
A framework for documentation and evaluation

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SLM Approach

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SLM Approach
Addresses questions:
• How was implementation
achieved?
• Who achieved it?

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A ‘SLM Approach’ - as defined by WOCAT:
A SLM Approach defines the ways and means
used to promote and implement a SLM
Technology and to support it in achieving more
sustainable soil and water use.
A ‘SLM Approach’ - refers to a particular land
conservation activity, be it an official project/
programme, an indigenous system, or changes in a
farming system towards more sustainable soil and
water use.
SLM Approach cont.

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A ‘SLM Approach has following elements:
• All participants (policy-makers, administrators,
experts, technicians, land users, i.e. actors at all
levels),
• inputs and means (financial, material,
legislative, etc.),
• and know-how (technical, scientific, practical).
SLM Approach cont.

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• Approach includes different levels of
intervention: from the individual farm, through
the community level, the extension / advisory
system, the regional or national administration, or
the policy level, to the international framework.
• WOCAT includes indigenous conservation
measures and spontaneous adoptions or
adaptations of SLM Technologies.
• QA addresses the questions of how
implementation was achieved and who
achieved it.
SLM Approach cont.

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Zabré women’s agroecological programme
Approach example
A demand-driven initiative, by a women’s association, aimed
at the promotion of composting through training and
extension, using project staff and local facilitators.

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66
PART 1: General Information
• Contributing SLM specialist(s) (1.1)
• Identification of SLM approach (1.2)
• Area Information (1.3)
1.2.4 Did the Approach concentrate / focus:
- on conservation only
- mainly on conservation with other activities
- mainly on other activities
Give keywords for the other activities:
.........................................................................................
QA p. 1

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Description, objectives and operation (2.1)
• Organogram/ organization chart/ flow chart (2.1.2 )
PART 2: Specification
QA p. 4

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2.1.3 Main problems addressed by the approach
PART 2: Specification cont’d
QA p. 7

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2.1.5 Decision making
x
QA p. 8

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70
2.2. Participation
2.2.2. Land user involvement
QA p. 9

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Questions on gender / disadvantaged groups
x
Differences in participation between men and women: There were great differences –
in the beginning at least – when AFZ merely asked the men to ‘allow’ their wives to
learn about composting. After two years, men started to participate in the training and
eventually as many of them as women began to make and use compost. Another
difference was in discussions, when men tended to dominate.
QA p. 11

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2.3 Financing
Costs met by different contributors/donors (2.3.1.1)
2.4 Technical support & promotion
Training / awareness raising (2.4.1.1)
Forms of training for land users (2.4.1.2)
How adequate is advisory service (2.4.2.2)
Research type – on station or on farm or both (2.4.3.2)
2.5. External material support
What was financed and under which conditions? (2.5.1.3)
Were local institutions supported under the approach (2.5.3)
PART 2: Specification cont’d

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PART 3: Analysis
3.1 Methods for monitoring & evaluation
3.1.1.1 Describe monitoring procedures
3.1.2 Changes due to monitoring and evaluation
QA p. 15

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3.2 Impact analysis
3.2.1 Land management
3.2.2 Socio economic
3.2.3 Training, advisory service and research
3.2.4 Land ownership, land use rights/ water rights and
legislation
3.2.1.1 Did the Approach help land users to improve sustainable land
management?
3.2.2.2 Did the Approach lead to improved livelihoods / human well-
being?
3.2.4.1 To what degree did the existing land ownership, land use rights /
water rights help or hinder the Approach implementation?
PART 3: ANALYSIS
QA p. 16

73.
PART 3: Concluding statements
QA p. 20

74.
Standardized SLM Technologies & Approaches
Automatically generated from the database!

75.
documented and presented in standardized WOCAT format
… enhanced through messages from land users
audio-visual messages from land user to land user

76.
SLM Technologies and Approaches
WOCAT Online database

77.
Synthesized experiences (global, regional national)
 Inventories of practices and guidelines:
– Rainwater Harvesting (2013) - guidelines to good practice
– where the land is greener (2007): Global overview book, with a
selection of 70 case studies, analysis and policy points (E,F,S)
– National overview books (Ethiopia, China, Nepal, Bangladesh,
Mongolia, Senegal, Tunisia, etc.)

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• Build small groups and have a detailed look at the
Technologies (QT) and Approach (QA) questionnaires
 translation into Khmer for students
• Which questions are not clear, where do you see problems?
Preparation for field days:
• Look through QT and QA and prepare to document:
• QT: rice straw on field
• QA: model farmer
• Which questions can you already answer?
• Which questions do you have to ask to farmers/land users?
• Prepare discussion with land users and how to translate
technical terms from English to Khmer?
Group work (QT/QA)

79.
84

80.
85
• Build small groups and have a detailed look at the Climate
Change questionnaire (QC)
 translation into Khmer for students
• Which questions are not clear, where do you see problems?
Preparation for field days:
• Look through QC and prepare to evaluate:
• QT: rice straw on field
• Which questions can you already answer?
• Which questions do you have to ask to farmers/land users?
• Prepare discussion with land users and how to translate
technical terms in English to Khmer?
Group work (QC)

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86

82.
How to register for WOCAT
https://www.wocat.net/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/Metho
ds/WOCAT_registration_process_en.pdf

83.
How to register for WOCAT
1. Go on www.wocat.net
2. Click on “Login” in the upper right corner of the site
3. Click on “Create a new account”

84.
How to register cont’d
4. Enter required information (marked by a star):
Institution: enter the first letters of your institution and check
if the full name turns up
–if yes, continue filling in the form
–if not, write full name and click on “add your institution”
Fill in the form
5. Click on “create account” to finalize
6. After carefully rereading all the information click again on
“create account”, a registration confirmatin message will
show up
7. Go to your e-mail account and follow instructions. Afterwards
you will have to wait until the WOCAT secretariat has
reviewed your information and sent you a confirmation e-
mail.

85.
Why a WOCAT account?
The WOCAT account will give you access to
– the database on SLM Approaches
– the database on SLM Technologies
– the database on Degradation and SLM Mapping
read access is also possible without a log in
– receive the WOCAT newsletter
– access some specific sites (e.g. address
database)
If you create a WOCAT account, your address information
will be available for the logged in WOCAT users.
You can register as:
Information only
Active user (needed to enter data)