2. Feedstuffs Feedstuffs- any component of a diet ( ration) that serves some useful function Functions: Provide source of nutrients and energy Combined to produce rations Modify characteristics of diet
3. International Feed ID System System for classifying feedstuffs based on descriptive characteristics Based on the primary nutrient provided by the feedstuff Each feedstuff is assigned an International Feed Number ( IFN)
4. There are 8 international Feedstuff classes 1. Dry Roughages 2. Pasture Range and Grasses 3. Ensiled Roughages 4. High Energy Concentrates 5. Protein Sources 6. Minerals 7. Vitamins 8. Additives
5. 1. Dry Roughages Characteristics: Bulky feed that has low weight per unit of volume High crude fiber content, low protein and fat digestibility Contains greater than 18% crude fiber and less than 70% total digestible nutrients
6. Dry Roughagae Examples Hay- legume ( alfalfa), grass legume, non legume Straw and chaff Corn cobs Cottonseed hulls Shells and hulls Sugarcane byproducts Paper and wood byproducts
7. 2. Pasture and Range grasses Grazed plants Soilage or greenchop Cannery and food crop residues
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9. 4. High Energy Concentrate Cereal grains Beet and citrus pulp Molasses Animal, marine and vegetable fats Roots and tuber
10. 5. Protein Supplements Contains greater than 20% crude protein animal, avian, marine sources Milk and by-products Legume seeds Brewery and distillery by-products Urea, ammonia
11. 6. Mineral supplements and 7. Vitamin supplements Must be added by sources that animal is able to absorb Vitamin concentration in plants and animal tissues varies greatly Plants: vitamin concentration affected by harvesting, processing and storing Animals: liver and kidney are good sources of most vitamins
12. 8. Additives Non- nutritive ingredients added to stimulate growth or performance or improve the efficiency of feed Added in very small quantities Antibiotics, antifungals, antimicrobials Buffers, colors, flavors Probiotics Hormones, enzymes
13. Estimating Nutritional Value of a Feed Goal: estimate how well nutrients in feedstuffs matches the animal’s needs Three methods for Estimating Chemical Analysis Digestion and Balance Trials Feeding Trials
14. Chemical Analysis Subdivides the components of the feedstuff into general groups ( protein, water, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins) to estimate the relative amount present Problem: Doesn’t estimate how well the animal utilizes the feed
15. Digestion and Balance Trials Measures the digestibility of a feed Feed consumption and fecal excretion are measured over period of time Problem: Not a true measure because feces contain sloughed cells and tissue
16. Feeding Trials Used extensively Usually done before chemical analysis or digestion and balance trials Can evaluate growth, egg production, wool production
17. Swine Nutrition Porcine Monogastricominivore Terms Sow – adult female Boar- adult male Piglet- young pig Gilt- sexually mature female, no litter yet Barrow- castrated male
18. Swine Nutrition- Water Neonates 80% water, finishing pigs 55% water Requirement is influenced by many factors ( environment, moisture content of feed, urine output, etc.) General guidelines 1-11/2 quarts of water per 1 lb of feed consumed Lactating sows require more for milk production Water quality affects consumption, high total dissolved solids can cause diarrhea, high levels of sulfates should be avoided
19. Swine Nutrition- Energy Required for buildup of lean and fat tissue Nursing pigs- most energy from fat and sugar in milk Growing pigs- most energy from cereal grains Sows and finishing pigs- some energy is gained from volatile fatty acids from fermentation in large intestine Dietary need is directly related to body weight Amount of feed consumed ad libitum is controlled by energy content of diet
20. Energy source feedstuffs for Swine Cereal grains ( especially swine) Damaged grains Grain by- products Purified sugars ( sucrose, lactose for piglets) Fat ( tallows, animal and vegetable fats) Processed food waste
21. Swine Nutrition – Protein and Amino acids Pig carcasses contain 50% muscle. About 8% of the whole body is edible protein Pigs need 10 essential amino acids to maintain tissues Amino acids required are arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine Lysine is the first limiting amino acid, high requirements, low content in feedstuffes ex. Corn Most diets are based on soybean meal due to its higher lysine content
22. Protein Source Feedstuffs in Swine Plant proteins: soybeans Animal proteins: by-products of meat packing industry, fish meal, dried milk products Bacteria Synthetic amino acids
23. Swine Nutrition- Minerals Highest Mineral Needs Ca and P- usually fed as limestone and oyster shells NaCl- inadequate amounts suppress feed intake I- soybean and grain diets deficient, supplement required Fe- injected in piglets to prevent anemia- lasts 3 weeks, milk is iron deficient Mg- required in growing pigs, present in feedstuffs Z- supplemented to prevent parakeratosis
24. Swine Nutrition- Vitamins Vitamin A- supplement 2-3 times need because corn has low Vit A and it breaks down with processing, dehydrated alfalfa is a good source Vitamin D- absent in most feedstuffs, expose pigs to sunlight or add sun cured hays or fish oils to diet Vitamin E – required in all life stages, legume hay, green forage and cereal grains are good sources Vitamin K- present in feeds, synthesized by hind gut fermentation but pig must have access to feces. Supplement added to prevent hemorrhaging in newborns
25. Vitamin, Mineral and Additive Source Feedstuffs in Swine Mineral- trace mineral salt Vitamin- alfalfa meal, fermentation by products, animal protein Additives: antibiotics, anthelmintics etc
26. Nutritional Diseases in Swine Amino Acid Deficiency: anemia, edema, immunocompromise, impaired growth Parakeratosis: Occurs between the 6-16th week of life. From low zinc, high calcium diet; bilateral abnormal keratinization of the skin, forming horny scales; starts as brown spots on underside
27. Swine Feeding Management Pre-breeding: gilt is bred at 7-8 mos. Flushing 1-2 weeks prior to breeding increases ovulation and litter size, high antibiotics added to diet Gestation: normal nutritional needs for first two trimesters. Majority of growth is in last month. Overweight sows are more likely to crush piglets Farrowing: include laxatives to prevent constipation when in farrowing crate; wheat bran or dried beet pulp 10-15% of diet; high antibiotics Lactation: nutrient requirements 3-4 times higher than during gestation, produce 2.5 lbs milk per piglet; if feed restricted can suffer bone fractures and paralysis Nursing pigs: all nutrients from sow’s milk for first 2 weeks. Must supply iron( injectable) Begin eating dry food at 2 weeks
28. Sheep Nutrition Ovine Ruminant Herbivores Terms: Ewe- female of reproductive age Ram- intact male of reproductive age Lamb- young sheep of either sex Wether- neutered adult male Mutton- meat derived from adult sheep
29. Sheep Nutrition- Water Water is limiting nutrient in many areas Water quality is more important to sheep than any other livestock species ( stagnant, odor, high bacterial or mineral content) Water intake is influenced by feed, vegetation, protein intake, environmental temperature, amount of rain, dew, or snowfall
30. Water Requirements for Sheep 1 gallon of water per 4 lbs of dry feed consumed More water when air temp is above 70F Less intake if water temp is <40 or > 50F Lower requirement where there is daily rain, heavy dew or soft, wet snow Lower requirement for those eating silage, succulent or range forage
34. Sheep Nutrition- Protein Usually quantity is more important than quality due to bacterial conversion in rumen Microbial protein synthesis supplies protein needs except when lactating or very young lambs Add extra protein feeds when pastures are mature or when feeding creep rations
35. Protein source feedstuffs for sheep Green pastures, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, alfalfa hay, urea ( sometimes0 Urea levels: < 1% of total ration No urea in young lambs, creep rations, straw, poor quality hay or lambs on limited feed
36. Sheep Nutriton- Minerals Highest Mineral Needs NaCl- usually provided ½-1/3 lb per ewe per month Ca, P – highest need during lactation, provide leafy legumes for Ca, grains for P I- usually provided in salt Co- more in legumes than grasses Se- small difference between deficiency and lethal toxicity, muscular dystrophy Zinc- high needs for normal testicular development
37. Sheep Nutrition- Vitamins Vit A- can store excess for 6-12 months Vit D- fast growing lambs kept inside may show problems Vit E- low selenium leads to Vit E deficiency Vit K- synthesized by rumen Vit C- synthesized by tissues
38. Vitamin and Mineral Feedstuffs in Sheep Vitamins- green feeds, germs of seeds, sun-cured hays Minerals- leafy legumes, grains, trace mineral and salt mix
39. Sheep Nutritional Diseases Enterotoxemia type D- intestinal toxins present in blood; caused by stress and sudden diet changes; vaccinate lambs prior to weaning Urinary calculi- common in rams and wethers in drylot; results from Ca/P ration imbalance and decreased water intake
40. Sheep Feed Management Pre-breeding: ewe is flushed for 4-6 weeks, 2 weeks prior to breeding and continuing for 2-3 weeks after bred; flushed on either high quality pastures or ¼ to ½ lb of grain or pellets per day; treat for internal parasites and trim hooves Gestation- 70% of fetal growth happens in the last 6 weeks of gestation
43. Add grain to high roughage diet, more energyLactation- maximum milk production 2-3 weeks post parturition; feed three times her maintenance requirements; must have increase protein intake to make milk Nursing lambs- born with non functioning rumen; colostrum is a must within first 12-18 hours. If no ewe colostrum, can use fresh cow colostrum. Creep feeding used for early weaning and getting lambs to market
48. More sensitive to water quality, won’t touch fecal/urine contaminated water
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50. Energy Source- Feedstuffs for Goats Forages: alfalfa hay, bermuda grass hay grains: corn, sorghum, oats molasses
51. Goat Nutrition- Protein Most expensive component of diet Needed to support rumen fermentation and supply amino acids Unlike fat, excess is not stored Vary with developmental stage Protein source feedstuffs for goats - Soybean meal, fish meal, cottonseed meal and sunflower meal
52. Goat Nutrition- Mineral Ca and P are two major minerals- needed for bone development and milk production Mobilize bone stores for high needs Phosphorus need is met due to goats high selectivity in diet Only salt should be provided free choice Lush pasture is deficient in magnesium
53. Goat Nutrion- Vitamins Only Vit A is likely to be deficient Occurs in confinement fed goats in dry cold weather Occurs in range fed goats when vegetation contains little or no green plant material
54. Goat Nutritional Diseases Enterotoxemia type D- can occur after high intake of immature succulent forage. Toxin is produced by Clostridium perfringens type D Urinary calculi- can occur when Ca and P rations are unbalanced
