3. Overview
Retroperitoneal, paired
organs
Posterior abdominal wall,
largely under cover of
costal margin
Key organ of urinary
system
Filtration/ concentration
of urine
Biochemical balance,
hormone production
4. Structure - macro
Enclosed in a strong fibrous capsule which passes over the
lips of the sinus and becomes continuous with the walls of
the calices.
Kidney + capsule are surrounded by pararenal fat
Each kidney has superior and inferior poles, medial and
lateral borders/margins and anterior and posterior surfaces
Reddish-brown in colour when fresh – colour varies
between cortex and medulla
Measure ~12x6x3cm (left often slightly longer than right)
Weigh ~130g each
Ovoid in outline but indented medially (the renal sinus)
bean-shaped appearance
5. Structure - macro
Hilum
At the concave part of each kidney
Renal vein exits (anteriorly)
Renal artery enters (posterior to renal vein)
Renal pelvis exits (posterior to artery)
6. Structure - macro
Renal pelvis
Funnel-shaped
Lined with transitional epithelium with a smooth
muscle and connective tissue wall
Continuous inferiorly with ureter
Divides into major and minor calyces
Urine collecting tubule minor calyx
major calyx renal pelvis ureters bladder
7. Structure - macro
Cortex
Beneath capsule, extends towards the pelvis as
renal columns lying between pyramids of
medulla
Apices of several pyramids open together
into a renal papilla, each of which projects
into a renal calyx
13. Position and relations
Lie in a mass of fat (perinephric fat) and fascia, retroperitoneally
against posterior abdominal wall
Fatty renal capsule is covered by fibroareaolar tissue – the renal fascia
Renal fascia
encloses kidney, its surrounding fibrous and fatty capsules
helps maintain organ position
superiorly, is continuous with fascia of inferior diaphragm
medially the left and right fascia blend with each other anterior to
abdominal aorta and IVC
posterior layer of fascia blends with fascia overlying psoas
Extraperitoneal fat outside the renal fascia is located between
peritoneum of posterior abdominal wall and renal fascia
14. Position and relations
Left Right
Posterior • Diaph ragm (postero-sup eriorly)
· Quad ratus lumborum (postero-laterall y)
· Psoa major pos
s tero-medially
· Transversus abdo minis pos tero-laterall y
· Subcos nerve and vesse
tal ls
· Il iohypog astric andili oinguinal nervesdescenddiagona y ac ll ross
pos terior surface
Anterior Lies with panc s and spleen in
rea · Supe riorly related to
the stomachbed inferior surface of li ver
· Adrena gland
l · Descend part of
ing
· Stomach duodenu m
· Spleen · Right coli c (hepa tic)
· Panc s (tail )
rea fl exure li es anterior to
· Jejunum lateral border and inferior
· Descend coloning pole
· Posterior wall of omental · Small intestine (inferiorly)
bursa · Peritoneum
· Peritoneum
Medial · L ad rena gland
l · Right adrenal gland Ð
wedgedbetween super or i
pole andIVC
· IVC
15. Surface anatomy
Superior poles protected by 11th and 12th ribs
Extend from T12 to L3 vertebral bodies
Move ~2cm superior-inferior during respiration
Right – just below transpyloric plane, 5cm right of
midline. Inferior pole ~ finger-width superior to
right iliac crest
Left – just above transpyloric plane, 5cm left of
midline.
16. Arterial supply
Renal arteries
branches of aorta at L1/L2 lie behind pancreas
and renal veins
Enter at hilum, giving rise to
Anteriorly – apical, upper, middle and lower
segments
Posteriorly – posterior segment
No communication between segments
17. Venous drainage
Renal veins
Communicate widely
Eventually form 56 vessels that unit at the
hilum
Drain into IVC
18. Lymphatic drainage
Para-aortic nodes at L1/L2
Surface of upper kidney drains through
diaphragm into nodes in the posterior
mediastinum
19. Innervation
Sympathetic
Preganglionic cells in spinal cord T12/L1
fibres to thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
Postganglionic cells in coeliac, renal and
superior hypogastric plexuses
Vasomotor function
20. Development
Arises from mesoderm
Pronephros
Transitory, non-functional structures consisting of a few ducts which
persist
Mesonephros
Large elongated organs that function as interim kidneys
Glomeruli + tubules open into mesonephric ducts
Metanephros
Permanent kidneys
Begin to develop in ~5th week
Arises caudal to mesonephros
Induces a bud from caudal end of mesonephric duct (ureter)
Ureteric bud divides into calyces of pelvis and collecting tubules and
medullary pyramids
Develops in anatomic pelvis and migrates to adult position and the new
single definitive artery forms
22. Physiology - overview
Regulation of the water and electrolyte content of
the body
Retention of substances vital to the body such as
protein and glucose
Maintenance of acid/base balance
Excretion of waste products, water soluble toxic
substances and drugs
Endocrine functions
23. Water and electrolyte regulation
Renal blood supply is approx 20% of cardiac
output
99% to cortex
1% to medulla
2 capillary beds,
arranged in series:
Glomerular
High pressure for filtering
Peritubular
Low pressure for absorption
24. Water and electrolyte regulation
Urine formation - 3 phases
Simple filtration
Selective and passive
resorption
Concentration
25. Filtration
Takes place through the semipermeable walls of the glomerular
capillaries
almost impermeable to proteins and large molecule
Glomerular filtrate is formed by squeezing fluid through glomerular
capillary bed
Hydrostatic pressure (head of pressure) is controlled by afferent and
efferent arterioles, and provided by arterial pressure
About 20% of renal plasma flow is filtered each minute (125 ml/min).
This is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Autoregulation
With a change in arterial blood pressure, there is constriction or dilatation of
the afferent and efferent arterioles, the muscular walled vessels leading to and
from each glomerulus
26. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Macula densa cells
Detect chloride concentration
Juxtaglomerular cells
Modified smooth muscle cells
Produce renin
Converts angiotensin to angiotensin I
Angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II by
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Causes systemic vasoconstriction and increase in BP
27. Tubular reabsorption
60% of solute is
reabsorbed in
proximal tubule
Different parts
of tubule system
optimised to
absorb different
components of urine
Distal tubule and collecting duct determines final
urine concentration
Regulated by ADH production by posterior pituitary
28. Acid-base balance
Tubular acid secretion
Ammonia secreted by
tubules (combines with
H+ to form NH4+
and passed in urine)
29. Hormones
Renin
Increases production of angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Stimulates water and sodium ion resorption in distal tubule
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP)
Produced when atrial pressure increases (eg heart failure)
Promote Na+, Cl- and water loss
Antidiuretic hormone
Increases permability of distal tubule to water, to cinrease water
resorption (therfore increases concentration of urine)
1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3
Promotes calcium absorption from gut
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Stimulates marrow to produce red blood cells
32. Benign tumours
Frequent incidental findings (up to 20%)
Renal adenoma
Bening epithelial tumours arising from tubular
epithelium
Difficult to distinguish from renal cell
carcinoma - similar histology
Distinguished on size (<3cm)
33. Benign tumours
Oncocytomas
Variant of adenoma
Angiomyolipoma
Smooth muscle, fat and vessels
Renal fibroma
Common small tumours
3-10mm
Arise in medulla
34. Malignant tumours
90% are renal cell adenocarcinoma (RCC)
About 3% of all adult cancers
Usually seen >50 years of age
Present with haematuria, pain, loin mass
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Hypercalcaemia, hypertension, polycythaemia,
Cushing’s syndrome or other hormonal
disturbances
35. Renal cell carcinoma
Rounded masses,
yellowish colour with
haemorrhage and
necrosis
Most commonly the
‘clear cell’ variant
Clear cytoplasm
because of high lipid
and glycogen content
36. Renal cell carcinoma
Spread by local extension/expansion through
capsule
Blood borne metastases
Bone, lung, brain
Lymphatic metastases
Para-aortic chain
Prognosis depends on stage
70% ten-year survival of confined to renal capsule
Poor prognosis if metastatic disease at presentation
37. Nephroblastoma
(Wilms’ tumour)
Common childhood malignancy
Embryonal tumour from primitive
metanephros
Peak incidence 1-4 years of age
Presents as abdominal mass or haematuria
Rounded mass largely replacing kidney
Solid, fleshy white with necrosis
Prognosis related to stage at presentation
38. Summary
Paired retroperitoneal/post abdominal organ
Cortex, medulla, nephron
Glomerulus, tubule, duct
Water/biochemical regulation
Filtration, reabsorption
Hormone production
Many benign pathological conditions
Malignancies predominantly RCC in adults,
nephroblastoma in children