AERA Conference 2007
Learning and the Sense of
Presence in Second Life
Presenter: Vicki Suter,
Pepperdine University
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One distance ed student to another in
their always-open IM window . . .
Second Life Avatar
Wendy Widget asks:
Are you there?
World of Warcraft Avatar
ViaMedia answers:
I don’t know if I’m there,
but I’m here.
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CadreX Dissertation Therapy Group
on Pepperdine’s Malibu Island in SL
• Writing preliminary
proposal (qualitative,
grounded theory
study)
• For this presentation:
– Definition of “sense of
presence”
– Conceptual
Framework
– Proposed Approach
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Purpose & Conceptual Framework
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Computer-Supported
Collaborative Learning (CSCL)
• Sociocultural perspective on • Considerable existing research
learning as enculturation and on CSCL (Haythornthwaite,
identity development through 2005; Schweller, 2001; Ståhl &
authentic experience (Lave & Wallberg, 2004; Lobel,
Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 2005) Neubauer, & Swedburg, 2005; )
• Represents a shift from the • Important groundwork in
knowledge acquisition model to research on MUDs and MOOs
the participation model (Barab (Brown & Bell, 2006; Bruckman
& Duffy, 1998) & Resnick, 1995; Bruckman,
1992; Bruckman, 2001; Crump,
• Learning is a collective
2001; Fanderclai, 1995; Grigar &
phenomenon (Carroll, Rosson,
Barber, 2001; Kolko, 2001;
Convertino, & Ganoe, 2006)
Schwartz, 1997; Turkle, 1997)
involving a natural process of
activities for developing
expertise, supported by tools,
artifacts and people
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Design Study => Human-
Computer Interaction Design
• From a socio-cultural • From a sociocultural
perspective, learners (not perspective, Human
designers) create meaning Computer Interaction
of objects in interaction Design is focused on
with environment practice, not information
(Kaptelinin, 2001)
• Virtual worlds designed for
entertainment and play
may have transferrable
design elements to support
doing and activity in more
formal learning
environments
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Conceptualization of Sense of
Presence as Media Attribute
Media-centric analysis focuses on
presence as an attribute of a medium, with
sensory realism measures such as:
• fidelity
• response speed
• engagement of sensory and motor channels
(See Lombard & Ditton, 1997;
Bailenson, 2005;
Biocca & Levy, 1995;
Biocca, 1997)
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Conceptualization of Sense of
Presence as Individual Experience
More recent conceptualization of sense of presence as a
property of an individual’s experience – a private,
intimate state (Heeter, 1992; Spagnolli, Varotto,
Mantovani, 2003), with subjective measures of individual
experience such as:
• Sense of embodiment (Biocca, 1997; Bowers & O’Brien,
1996)
• Control over and identification with avatar (Bartle, 2005;
Biocca, 1997; Cuddihy & Walters, 2000; Gee, 2003;
Murray, 1997; Rogers, 2005; Schroeder & Axelsson,
2006)
• Depth of immersion (Douglas & Hargadon, 2004)
• Agency (Murray, 1997)
• Engagement and motivation (Garrison, 2003;Salen &
Zimmerman, 2004)
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Definition of presence to be
used for this study
• Encompasses cognitive and
• From a sociocultural
social presence (Garrison,
perspective, presence as
2001), world-building and
an action-based process
user-created content
and contextualized
individual experience (Ondrejka, 2004), and sense
of space (Lefebvre, 1991)
• Measurement “can be
captured by monitoring
the sequence of the
participants’ actions and
the aspects of the
environment that are
involved in the process”
(Spagnolli, Varotto, &
Mantovani, 2003, p. 797)
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Activity Theory
• Conceptualization of presence as a dynamic process
associated with an action in an activity system,
occurring in a sociocultural context over time
• Underlying sociocultural and cultural-historical theory
of the mind, learning and practice used for the study
• Aligns the other three conceptual frameworks
(collaborative learning, human-computer interaction
design, and sense of presence)
• Previous work in HCI and CSCL has used Activity
Theory as conceptual framework and analytic tool
(Baker, Hansen, Joiner, & Traum, 1999; Bødker,
1989; Bellamy, 2001; Greenhalgh, 1999; Kaptelinin,
Nardi & Macaulay, 1999; Kaptelinin, 2006; Nardi,
2001; Kuutti, 2001; Kuutti, 1993; Robins, 2002)
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Activity Theory Diagram – Ethics
Knowledgebase Assignment
Based on Activity Theory model, Cole & Engestrom, 1993
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Unit of Analysis
• AT unit of analysis is activity (e.g., in
previous example, the activity is the
development of the ethics knowledgebase).
• For purposes of study, the unit of analysis will
be an action: “conscious goal-oriented
process undertaken to fulfill the object”
(Nardi, 2001, p. 74). In previous activity
system example, an action might be the
scheduling of a team meeting.
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Primary Research Questions
• How does the sense of presence develop
for individuals engaged in collaborative
learning activities in Second Life?
• What are the design attributes and related
conditions that may contribute to the
development of a sense of presence in
Second Life?
• What insights might be gained about the
sense of presence and the design of
human-computer interaction to support
collaborative learning in 3D multi-user
virtual worlds?
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Ethnographic action-based
approach (Spagnolli et al)
Through observation; content, • How did the “configuration of
interaction and discourse virtual objects” (as artifacts
analysis; and interviews in the activity system) relate
regarding sequences of actions to design and to the
making up collaborative development of the sense of
learning activities conducted presence?
within Second Life, explore:
• What are the norms that
• What action possibilities regulated the interaction?
did learners envisage?
• Who were the key participants
• How rich and robust was the and what were the important
environment with respect to relationships?
resources?
• What design attributes and
• What resources were conditions generally facilitate
imported into the virtual (or hinder) the process of the
environment and for what development of a sense of
purposes? presence?
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Purpose of study, revisited
15

References
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References, cont.
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References, cont.
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References, cont.
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References, cont.
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References, cont.
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December 2005, 2005, from http://www.ewenger.com/research/index.htm
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References, cont.
Excellent general online resource on presence,
and measurement of presence:
http://www.presence-research.org/
E-mail: vicki.suter@pepperdine.edu
Blog: http://vickisuter.blogspot.com/
Presentation is available online from my blog.
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