One of the best natural power generating plant in berinag.

1. PINE NEEDLE
YOUTH CLIMATE SUMMIT

2. KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
AIR FORCE STATION TUGHLAKABAD
NEW DELHI -80
PREPARED BY -
Vivek Kumar Singh

3. THE PINE NEEDLE
 The modern English name pine derives
from Latin pinus . In the past ( pre-19th
century ) they were often known as fir .
 The bark of most pines is thick and scaly ,
but some species have thin , flaking bark.
 The new spring shoots are sometimes
called “ candles “ they are covered in
brown or whitish bud scales and point
upward at first , then later turn green and
spread outward .

4.  Pines are evergreen , coniferous
resinous trees ( or rarely shrubs )
growing 3–80 m tall , with the
majority of species reaching 15–45
m tall . The smallest are Siberian
dwarf pine and Potosi pinyon ,
and the tallest is a 268.35-feet
( 81.79-meter ) tall ponderosa pine
located in southern Oregon's
Rogue River-Siskiyou National
Forest .

5.  Pines are long- lived , typically reaching ages of 100–1,000
years , some even more . The longest-lived is the Great
Basin bristlecone pine , Pinus longaeva.

6. Most regions of the Northern Hemisphere host some
native species of pines . One species ( Sumatran pine )
crosses the equator in Sumatra to 2° S . In North
America , various species occur in regions at latitudes
from as far as 66° N to as far south as 12° N.

7. COMPOSITION OF PINE
 TERPINEOL ( 30.2 % ) : - Terpineol is a naturally occurring monoterpene
alcohol that has been isolated from a variety of sources such as cajuput oil,
pine oil, and petit grain oil. There are four isomers :- alpha-, beta-, gamma-
Terpineol , and terpinen-4-ol. Terpineol has a pleasant odor similar to lilac and
is a common ingredient in perfumes , cosmetics , and flavors.
 LINALOOL ( 24.47 % ) : - Linalool is a naturally occurring terpene alcohol
chemical found in many flowers and spice plants with many commercial
applications , the majority of which are based on its pleasant scent . It has
other names such as β- linalool , linalyl alcohol , linaloyl oxide , p-linalool ,
allo-ocimenol . Linalool is used as a scent in 60–80 % of perfumed hygiene
products and cleaning agents including soaps , detergents , shampoos , and
lotions . It is also used as a chemical intermediate . One common
downstream product of linalool is vitamin E .

8. COMPOSITION OF PINE (CONTD.)
 LIMONENE ( 17.01 % ) : - Limonene takes its name from the lemon . Limonene is
a chiral molecule . Limonene is a colorless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic
terpene . It oxidizes easily in moist air to produce carveol , carvone , and limonene
oxide . Limonene is increasingly being used as a solvent for cleaning purposes , such
as the removal of oil from machine parts , as it is produced from a renewable
source. Limonene is also used as a solvent in some model airplane glues and as a
constituent in some paints . As it is combustible , limonene has also been considered
as a biofuel.
 ANETHOLE ( 14.57 % ) : - Anethole (anise camphor) is an organic compound that
is widely used as a flavoring substance. It is a derivative of phenyl propene , a type
of aromatic compound that occurs widely in nature, in essential oils. It is distinctly
sweet, measuring 13 times sweeter than sugar. It is used in alcoholic drinks :- ouzo
and Pernod. It is also used in seasoning and confectionery applications, oral hygiene
products, and in small quantities in natural berry flavors.

9. COMPOSITION OF PINE (CONTD.)
 CARYOPHYLLENE ( 3.14 % ) : - Caryophyllene is a natural bicyclic
sesquiterpene that is a constituent of many essential oils , especially clove oil.
Caryophyllene is one of the chemical compounds that contributes to the spiciness
of black pepper . The widespread plant natural product betacaryophyllene is an
FDA approved food additive and ingested daily with food it is the first dietary
cannabinoid .
 EUGENOL ( 2.14 % ) : - Eugenol is a phenylpropene , an allyl chain-substituted
guaiacol . It Is a colorless to pale yellow oily liquid extracted from certain essential
oils especially from clove oil , nutmeg , cinnamon , basil and bay leaf . It is present
in concentrations of 80–90 % in clove bud oil and at 82–88 % in clove leaf oil .
Eugenol is used in perfumeries , flavorings , essential oils and in medicine as a local
antiseptic and anesthetic . It is commonly used in wisdom tooth extraction
surgeries complicated by dry socket . Clove oil is growing in popularity as an
anaesthetic for use on aquarium fish as well as on wild fish when sampled for
research and management purposes . Eugenol is hepatotoxic , meaning it may
cause damage to the liver .

10. COMPOSITION OF PINE NOMENCLATURE
(IUPAC NAME)
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
STRUCTURE
TERPINEOL 2 -(4 -Methyl -1 -
cyclohex - 3-enyl )
propan-2-ol
C10H18O
LINALOOL 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-
dien-3-ol
C10H18O
LIMONENE 1-Methyl-4-(1-
methylethenyl)-
cyclohexene
C10H16
ANETHOLE ( E )-1-Methoxy -4 -( 1-
propenyl ) benzene
C10H12O
CARYOPHYLLENE 4 ,11 , 11 - trimethyl - 8-
methylenebicyclo[7.2.0]
undec-4-ene
C15H24
EUGENOL 4-Allyl-2-
methoxyphenol
C10H12O2

11. APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS
OF PINE NEEDLES
S.NO. PARAMETERS AVAILABLE %
1 ASH 1.31
2 CARBON 52.60
3 HYDROGEN 07.00
4 OXYGEN 40.10

12. S.NO PARAMETERS AVAILABLE %
1 Mean Moisture Content 9.76
2 Mean Ash Content 4.37
3 Mean Volatile Matter Content 70.03
4 Fixed Carbon Content 15.83

13. HARMS CAUSED BY PINES
 In month of March, pine is causing a serious loss to biodiversity,
as pine creates conditions for other species to die out. This
problem is aggravated by the fact that people need wood for
cooking and they prefer native species for this purpose to pine
wood.
FOREST FIRE CAUSED BY
PINE NEEDLE

14. Thick carpet of pine needles spread over the forest floor during the dry
summer months causes any forest fires to spread very quickly as the
pine needles are highly flammable. The pine trunk being fire resistant
does not burn quickly while saplings of all other native species fall prey
to the fires. Thus, the pine creates conditions to keep other species from
regenerating , while spreads itself year after year. Pine also creates
xerophytic conditions, by depriving the soil of moisture as the pine
needle carpet, if not burnt inhibits percolation of water into the soil by
causing it to run down the slope before it has had a chance to be
absorbed by the soil. This causes further loss of biodiversity.

15.  PINE OIL TOXICITY:- Pine oil has a
relatively low toxicity level for
humans , a low corrosion level and
limited persistence. However , it
irritates the skin and mucous
membranes and has been known to
cause breathing problems. Large
doses may cause central nervous
system depression.

16.  TOXICITY OF PINE TEA :- All pines can be toxic if we
consume too much of it. That means we have to drink pine
needle tea every single day in order to get sick from it so we
shouldn't worry about it. The only reason it is that way is
because it's high in vitamin C. It's almost like taking a
vitamin supplement. Since the pine needles are poisonous it
would be safe to assume that the rest of the tree is
poisonous as well. Burning these trees may pose no risk as
the tree has to dry before it can be burned anyways. That
might cause it to be void of any chemicals in the tree that
could cause possible harm to our lungs or other parts of our
body.

17. TABLE SHOWING TOXICITY OF PINE
TYPES
PINE TYPE PONDEROSA LODGEPOLE MONTEREY
TOXICITY HIGH TOXICITY MEDIUM TOXICITY MEDIUM TOXICITY
LODGEPOLE PONDEROSA

18. MONTEREY

19. POWER CONSUMPTION IN
UTTARAKHAND

20. THE PINE NEEDLE
GASIFIER

21. THE PINE NEEDLE
GASIFIER POWER PLANT
 Berinag is a poor little town about 100 km from Pithoragarh in hill state Uttarakhand . A
small company based there is now changing lives of locals with a unique project -
Generating Power From Pine Needles . Jain set up a gasifier on a piece of land
donated by the locals of Berinag.
 The company, Avani Bio Energy , was launched by the Haryana-born Rajnish Jain in May
2011. Jain had been running a non-governmental organisation called Avani in Berinag
since 1999.
 Uttarakhand is home to more than 340,000 hectares of pine forests. Clubbed with
stretches in western Nepal and Himachal Pradesh , pine forests cover about 1.5 million
hectares. On one hand , pine needles which litter the forest floor during dry summer
months form a carpet on the soil causing the rainwater to run down the slopes before it
percolates into the soil. On the other hand, the highly inflammable pine needles cause
forest fires which deprive all other species except pine ( trunk being fire resistant ) from
regenerating .

22.  Pine needles make for such a loose biomass that
they cannot be run through gasifiers , which
convert biomass into combustible gases such as
carbon monoxide (CO) , hydrogen (H2) and
methane (CH4).
 Jain then toyed with the idea of increasing the
density of pine needles by converting them
into wood like briquettes . That process was
highly energy -intensive and so not viable . He
succeeded in setting up a plant that generates 9
kW of electricity. CHARCOAL AS A BY- PRODUCT
1. THE WORKING OF MACHINE
THE PINE NEEDLE GASIFIER ( CONTD. )

23.  The needles are chopped into fine
pieces to increase density , before
being fed into the plant . The material
is then burnt with limited oxygen
supply. This generates producer gas
which , after cleaning and cooling, is
fed into a generator to produce
electricity. One-tenth of the pine
needles used as biomass comes out as
charcoal - a by-product which can be
used in place of wood and kerosene as
cooking fuel .
FINELY CHOPPED PINE NEEDLES

24. THE PINE NEEDLE GASIFIER ( CONTD. )
 After many years of exploring and researching , a 9 kW pine needle gasifier
system has been developed and installed in this year , as a pilot , at AVANI
campus . This system is fully operational and generates 9 kW of electricity . Out
of this 9 kW , 1.5 kW is consumed for running the system and a continuous
output of 7.5 kW is available for productive use such as welding and calendaring
applications .
 Jain is already busy setting up another gasifier a 120 kilowatt power plant in
Chachret , a small village in Pithoragarh , home to 108 families . The power
generated will be enough to light up 10 other villages, apart from Chachret ,
assuming each family consumes 100 watts of power , mainly for lighting and
watching television . The plant will also generate enough cooking fuel for all the
families in Chachret for the whole year .
2. POWER GENERATION ABILTIY

25. THE TWO SUCCESSFUL
PROJECTS
Hosahalli is the first un-electrified village in India to be served by a
biomass gasifier in terms of quality supply of electricity.
The village is located 100 km from Bangalore in Tumkur District,
Karnataka.
The bio-energy project was planned and implemented by the Centre for
Sustainable Technology (CST), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in the
year 1988.
The gasifier was operated only to provide home lighting and pump
drinking water requirements.

26. In Hosahalli village there are 35 house holds and the total
population of the village is 218, the installed gasifier capacity
is 20kw, in which 4kw is provided for lights, 2.6 Kw is provided
for drinking water, and 5.6Kw is provided for irrigation pumps.
A GASIFIER INSTALLED
IN
HOSAHALLI

27. Kasai, which is located in Betul district. This village is located far away
from the district center and is not easily accessible by road.
The villagers are mostly tribal and agriculture is their main economic
mainstay. The village has about 55 households with a population of 392.
The Kasai Village Gasifier under the Village Energy Security Program
(VESP) the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources (MNRE), Govt.
of India has a mandate of addressing the complete energy requirements
of un electrified villages in the states of Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal
and Uttarakhand.

28. The electricity generated from the
gasification plant installed under this
project is 2 x 9 kW .The system
operates for 5 hours a day and on an
average generates 40 units per day or
1200 units per month.
The operation and maintenance of
the plant is done by the local youth
who have been trained in this aspect.
A GASIFIER INSTALLED IN KASAI

29. CHEMISTRY OF GASIFICATION
In a gasifier, the carbonaceous material undergoes
several different processes like drying, pyrolysis,
combustion, and gasification processes. The dehydration
or drying process occurs at around 100°C. Pyrolysis
processes occur at around 200-300°C.
The combustion process occurs as the volatile products
and some of the char reacts with oxygen to primarily
form carbon dioxide and small amounts of carbon
monoxide, which provides heat for the subsequent
gasification reactions.

30. The basic reaction here is :-
C + O2 ↔ CO2 (1) ΔH = -393.5 kJ/mole
Gasification process occurs as the char reacts with
carbon and steam to produce carbon monoxide and
hydrogen, via the reaction :-
C + H2O ↔ H2 + CO (2) ΔH = 131.3 kJ/mole
CO + H2O ↔ CO2 + H2 (3) ΔH= - 41.1 kJ/mole

31. OTHER METHODS TO
PRODUCE ELECRTICITY
 Power Through Watermills :-
As per UREDA estimates , some 15,000 traditional watermills called
Gharats exist in partially functioning or defunct condition in the State of
Uttarakhand. After upgradation, they hold the potential of providing 5 kW
of electricity which cannot just light the neighbouring areas. But can also
be used for some productive applications like milling, drying and thrashing
of grains or for fibre - processing activities like spinning, dyeing, drying, etc.
If these water mill resources are upgraded and managed in a planned and
organized manner they can be a significant source of cheap power for the
rural population of Uttarakhand.

32.  Hydro Power :-
Uttarakhand has got enormous potential for hydropower generation. Apart from
its large and medium hydropower potential, which is estimated to be 20,000
megawatts, it also has huge potential for small, mini and micro hydropower
generation. Hydropower potential of the state can be harnessed and used for its
development.
 Power for Cooking & Heating :-
Due to the difficult terrain and in accessibility of many of the remote areas
of the state , providing CNG or LPG is a difficult task . However , the cooking
wand water heating requirements can be met through solar cookers and
solar water heaters respectively . The alternative in the form of the use of
improved cook stoves could also be lucrative to meet the cooking needs in
the villages of Uttarakhand . The briquettes of charcoal which is a residue of
the pine needle gasification process can be used for cooking purposes .

33. A MODE OF EMPLOYMENT
FOR VILLAGERS
 Jain hopes to create more employment opportunities locally .
Each power plant needs more than 100 collectors of pine
needles . Apart from training villagers to operate the plants .
 Jain set up a gasifier on a piece of land donated by the locals
of Berinag . He employs villagers to collect pine needles and
bring them to the plant . Villagers get ₹ 1,000 for every tonne
of needles collected .

34. SOCIAL SUPPORT TO THE
POWER PLANT
 Avani Bio Energy received $250,000 in funding from Acumen
Fund, a non-profit venture fund.
 The company has also received a grant of ₹ 24 lacs from
automotive giant Mahindra & Mahindra.
 The company has got a lot of help from nearby villages.
 The people themselves has contributed lot of money to this
project either in cash or by doing physical work in factories.

35. FINANCIAL SUPPORT
TO INHABITANTS
 The fuel gas will be produced in a villager gasifier and
piped directly to households at the same monthly cost
as subsidized LPG with no delivery fees. “Families that
cannot afford to pay rupees can pay by collecting 160 kg
of pine needles for a week’s worth of gas”. Where a
family would spend 32 hours gathering wood for
cooking in a week, they can collect enough pine needles
in 16 hours to pay for a week’s worth of gas reducing the
overall time spent collecting fuel by 50%.

36.  Extra gas will be used in a generator to produce electricity which
will be sold to the local grid utility at a fixed rate, improving the
reliability of local electricity and earning additional income to pay
local pine needle collectors and technicians. Additionally, each
120 kW of installed capacity would save 1700 tons of CO2
emissions by replacing wood for cooking and generating
renewable electricity from biomass, potentially producing almost
1.5 million rupees in carbon credits.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT TO
INHABITANTS(CONTD.)

37. USES OF PINE NEEDLE
 Pines are among the most commercially important
tree species valued for their timber and wood pulp
throughout the world . In temperate and tropical
regions , they are fast-growing softwoods that will grow
in relatively dense stands .
 Biomedical :- A tea made by steeping young , green
pine needles in boiling water ( known as “ tallstrunt “
in Sweden ) is high in Vitamins A and C .

38.  Although pine oil can cause allergic
reactions, it is very useful to relieve
mental, physical and sexual fatigue,
while having a cleansing and clearing
effect on a room.
 Industrially, pine oil is used as
collector in metal extraction from
ores. For e.g., in copper extraction
pine oil is used to soak all copper
sulfide ores for froth flotation.
Therefore , it is important in the
industry for the froth flotation
process.
 Gum can be extracted from pine
trees.

39. SOME OTHER USES OF PINE
 The Handmade papers made from pine needles can be
recycled.
 To make recycled paper .
 To optimize the ratio of waste paper (Cellulose) and pine
pulp for paper making.
 To try various other options like : Egg Trays, apple trays,
Card boards, exam boards, etc.
 To add decorative items like silk thread to the recycled
paper.

41. PINE NEEDLES FOR USEFUL
DECORATIVE ITEMS
 To use pine needles for day–to–day products.
 To generate skill and economic development .
 Restoration of old village techniques.
 FLOWER POTS , COASTERS .
 TABLE MATS , DOOR MATS.
 PEN STANDS.
 In Himalayan region people use pine needle brooms for cleaning
purposes.

43.  Mixed with Fuller’s earth and cellulose for making Molecular models.
 To make a cost-effective and biodegradable material.
 To convert into other applications such as carbon.
 Similarly various decorative items like statues of idols can be made
using pine powder.

44. CONCLUSION
 There is immense power in pine needles if they are used
properly . Pine needle gasification is indeed a very promising
technology for decentralized power generation in the
Himalayan region due to the wide availability of pine needles .
The generation of power is not the only benefit of this
technology , it also contributes towards the environment. The
result is a two-pronged strategy of development where we can
save the environment and the cost for this is itself paid by
energy production . While the prospects for this technology are
very good, the challenges in implementation are also very high .
There are many aspects related to pine needle gasification that
must be dealt with in an efficient manner on a community
level . This includes waste management , safety issues , load
management and mode of plant operation .

45.  The paper studies bring out the message that pine needle
gasification technology holds large promise as a decentralized power
generation system in terms of improving the quality of life, which
includes supply of hygienic drinking water, irrigation and supply of
quality electricity for rural Himalayan regions.
 The generation of power is not the only benefit of this technology; it
also contributes towards protecting the environment. The result is a
two-pronged strategy of development where we can save the
environment and the cost for this is itself paid by energy production.
 This technology can be sustained using local available resources like
raw material and manpower for day-to-day operation of the plant.

46.  An important conclusion is that even at small capacities a
sustained economical environment friendly operation is
possible, as the major operational costs are related to
raw material (pine needles) cost which is locally available.
 Due to the decentralization it will also reduce the cost of
transportation of pine needles thus reducing the
dependence on fossil fuel, an important concept for
distributed power generation packages for the rural
sector.

47. REFERENCES
 Google.com
 Wikipedia.com
 Avani official website
 G. Sridhar, H. V. Sridhar, Basawaraj , M.S. Sudarshan H. I. Somsekhar, S.
Dasappa and, P. J. Paul Case Studies on Small Scale Biomass Gasifier Based
Decentralized Energy Generation Systems
 P. Sasidharan , K. P. Murali , and K. Sasidharan , “Design and development of
ceramic-based biomass gasifier-an R and D study from India,” Energy for
Sustainable Development, vol. 2, pp. 49- 52, 1995.
 G. Y. Chen and J. Andries, “Circulating fluidised bed gasification of biomass
resources: originality in system design and experimental approach,” In:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy Conversion and
Application, 2001, pp. 1263-1268.
 DU Innovation Project 2014-15 Performed By Gargi College.

48. THANK YOU !
THE END