by variens....!!

1. PRESENTATION ON :

2.  PRESENTED BY : VIRANDER SINGH
 BBA PART 1
 ROLL NO. 29
 SESSION : 2011-2012

3. KEY POINT’S :
 1. INTRODUCTION.
 2. PRINCIPALS.
 3. REGULATIONS.
 4. Mechanisms and
controls.
 5. Systemic
problems of
corporate
governance.

4. INTRODUCTION :
 “Corporate governance” deals with conflicts of
interests between :
 The providers of finance and the managers.
 The shareholders and the stakeholders.
 Different types of shareholders (mainly the large
shareholder and the minority shareholders) and the
prevention or mitigation of these conflicts of interests.
Ways of mitigating or preventing these conflicts of
interests include the processes, customs, policies,
laws, and institutions which have impact on the way
a company is controlled.

5. Principles of corporate
governance:
 1. Rights and equitable treatment of
shareholders.
 2. Interests of other stakeholders.
 3. Role and responsibilities of the board.
 4. Integrity and ethical behavior.
 5. Disclosure and transparency.

6. REGULATIONS :
 1. legal : Corporations are created as legal
persons by the laws and regulations of a particular
jurisdiction. These may vary in many respects between
countries, but a corporation's legal person status is
fundamental to all jurisdictions and is conferred by
statute….”
 2. Codes and guidelines : Corporate
governance principles and codes have been developed in
different countries and issued from stock exchanges,
corporations, institutional investors, or associations
(institutes) of directors and managers with the support of
governments and international organizations……”

7. Mechanisms and controls :
 Corporate governance mechanisms and controls are
designed to reduce the inefficiencies that arise from moral
hazard and adverse selection.
 1. Internal corporate governance controls :
a. Monitoring by the board of directors.
b. Internal control procedures and internal auditors.
c. Balance of power.
d. Remuneration.
e. Monitoring by large shareholders.

8.  2. External corporate governance
controls :
encompass the controls external stakeholders exercise over
the organization.
examples :
 Competition.
 Debt covenants.
 Demand for and assessment of performance
information (especially financial statements).
 Government regulations.
 Managerial labour market.
 Media pressure.
 Takeovers.

9.  3. Financial reporting and the independent
auditor :
The board of directors has primary responsibility for the
corporation's external financial
reporting functions. The Chief Executive
Officer and Chief Financial Officer are crucial
participants and boards usually have a high degree of
reliance on them for the integrity and supply of
accounting information. They oversee the internal
accounting systems, and are dependent on the
corporation's accountants and internal
auditors.

10. Systemic problems of
corporate governance :
 Demand for information.
 Monitoring costs.
 Supply of accounting information.