TTI Production services

TTI PRODUCTION
Earth Observation
Consulting Services
www.tti.fr
REMOTE SENSING FOR O&G APPLIED TO STANDARD STUDY
TTI PRODUCTION
Oil & Gas Services

TTI PRODUCTION
Earth Observation
Consulting Services
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Valuable and low-cost technics to perform local to regional studies from
Wolrd wide coverage from numerous sensors usable from 1/2500 to 1/500000 scale analysis
Quick implementation and multi-platform interoperability for quick -look studies
Fast delivery of results for GIS integration and decision making planning
Easy Monitoring for Environment & HSE applications
 covering hard access areas
 avoiding cloud coverage
 updating global insight
 updating poorly map coverage
 helping poor seismic coverage
 mapping facilities and logistics
 Quick acquisition of world-wide data
 Low cost & efficient technique
 Spatial positioning & guidelines
 lead appraisal & block bidding
 GIS interoperability
 HSE base-map analysis
 Helping tool for decision making
 long distance spatial correlation
 pre-analysis for acquisition
 preparing field work
Extraction of quantified
parameters
Geo-modelling
surface vs subsurface
relationships
GIS interoperability
Extraction of quantified
parameters
Geo-modelling
surface vs subsurface
relationships
GIS interoperability
 extracting quantified parameters
 surface topography modelling
 surface vs subsurface relationships

TTI PRODUCTION
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Human and technical solutions to provide efficient deliverables for upstream demands
Human skills
RS Experts
Developers
Equipment
GIS
GIS softwares
Editing
Data
RS Images
Topography
Maps
Environments
Arithmetic
Statistics
Factorial
Deserts
Nearshore
Jungle
Methods Measures
Transition zone
Geomorphology
Landuse
Geology
Processing
softwares
Thematicians
Digital mapping
Environment

TTI PRODUCTION
Earth Observation
Consulting Services
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Objectives
 Quick look analysis on prospect
 Expertise on cartographic data reliability
 Insight on morphology, geology, landuse….
 Recommendations for further detail RS analysis
Constraints
 Rush study
 Limited timeframe delay
 Low cost budget
 Fast delivery of results
Topographic QL product Multi-thematic QL map
Geomorphologic QL
map and products
Multidate QL monitoring

TTI PRODUCTION
Earth Observation
Consulting Services
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World wide coverage
Huge availability of
archives
Numerous sensors and
operators:
spatial
spectral
cost
reactivity
Valuable information in other spectral domains than visible
Near to medium IR
Thermal
Radar
Hyperspectral
Stereoscopy and 3D
viewing
Quantization for Geology
Interferometry
Hyperspectral
Upstream and Downstream approach
Exploration
Production
HSE
Updating and monitoring numerous geographic items:
Geology
Topography
Urban
Facilities
Land use
Risks
Access
Topography & positionning
GIS
Virtual reality
Decision-making

TTI PRODUCTION
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Consulting Services
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Urban fabric
Industry
Administrations
Tourism
Education
Networks (road,
railway)
Croplands
Orchards
Farming
Forestry
Natural areas
Wetlands
Water
Land use photo interpretation on orthophotos allows
a fine analysis of area from a 1:500 to a 1:10 000
scale.

TTI PRODUCTION
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Cadastre layer in blue and land use in red
The integration of land
use into cadastre
parcels showed the
boundary issue.
We could resolve it by
analysing the polygons
relationship and
constraining their fusion
in the GIS .
Land use is based on vegetation and cadatre
on administrative limits so the fusion of these 2
layers needs to be logical and constrain by user
& GIS rules.

TTI PRODUCTION
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Photo-interpretation
on orthophotos
coverage of land use
(urban, croplands,
natural vegetation,
rock and water
features) could help to
manage the territory.
In this case, an
evolution analysis of
urbanism and
agricultural changes
showed the massive
destruction of
croplands for isolated
houses construction.
2009
1998

TTI PRODUCTION
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The MAHAKAM (Indonesia) Delta
analysis from 1999 to 2006 showed
impacts of human activity on mangrove
forests.
We could calculate the
percentages of
mangrove forest
extinction during those
years by removing the
polygons surfaces.
In the same time, with
the GIS analysis we
could explain the
reasons of the
evolution examining
the relations between
networks and land use.

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We used satellite images to set the boundaries of wetlands and potentially
humid areas in order to protect those areas from human pressure.
The IR satellite bands highlighted the
variation in the vegetation or soil humidity
according to the different circumstances

TTI PRODUCTION
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GIS applications :
1) We can analyze the relationship
between water surfaces and
hydrographic networks by
quantifying the connexions and flow
directions through water surfaces.
This way we were able to go
through GIS processing examining
the topological lines and polygons
relationship in order to understand
where the water came from and will
eventually end up when it was
really cut off and had multiple
origins.
2) On the same basis, the
analysis of wetlands
connexion to water surfaces
and hydrographic network
gave us the possibilty to
understand if wetlands were
fed by water courses, rains or
aquifers. We could also
quantify the degrees of
purification and water
retention of each wetland.

TTI PRODUCTION
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We
interpreted
the land use
of water,
housing and
vegetation in
order to take
into account
the area
accessibility
for future
seismic
operations
Bridges, road widths, croplands and etc ...

TTI PRODUCTION
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Geological map analysis:
Together with a GIS and a
stratigraphic database we
could look up the relationship
between the polygons and
lines and show the mistakes in
the geological map.
With a stratigraphical log, the
GIS request is able to detect
mistakes and discrepancies.
It can also automatically detect
wrong stratigraphic attributions
and abnormal contacts on
digitized vectorial and
geological maps ...
Stratigraphy
Geological map analysis
Correlation between
polygons (stratigraphy)
and lines (contacts)

TTI PRODUCTION
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Road and pipe line network
ENVIRONMENTAL
MAPPING
PHYSIOGRAPHIC & OIL
INSTALLATIONS
ANALYSIS
Electric network

TTI PRODUCTION
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ENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING
COASTAL
SENSITIVITY

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REMOTE SENSING SUITABILITY FOR GROUND SURFACE PARAMETERS
1st ORDER CLASS 2nd ORDER CLASS TYPE OFDATA IMPACT ON ACQUISITION IMPACT ON LOGISTICS
TOPOGRAPHY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
GEOLOGY
Slopes
Scarps
Terraces
Height variability
Hypsometry
Concavity
Valleys/ Ridges
Depressions
Antiform
Hydrography
Bathymetry
Rock lithologies
Soil rugosity
Structural orientation
Faults
Folds
Seismicity
Weathered surfaces
DEM
DIGITAL MAPS
InSAR
CAPI
DEM
CAPI
VISIBLE
SAR
VISIBLE
NIR
SWIR
SAR
MAPS
CAPI
TYPE OF SEISMIC
TEMPLATE
CAMPAIGN DELAY
RISKS FOR MATERIALS
RISKS FOR PERSONS
ACCESSIBILITY (slopes)
TYPE OF VEHICLES
LAND USE
Vegetation
Populated areas
Farmlands
Forests
Wetlands and water
National parcs
VISIBLE
NIR
SAR
DATABASE
CAPI
DATA QUALITY
SEISMIC VELOCITY
STATIC CORRECTION
SEISMIC SOURCES
RISKS FOR PROCESSING
RISKS FOR PERSONS
ACCESS FOR VIBRATORS
DATA QUALITY
SEISMIC VELOCITY
STATIC CORRECTION
RESONANCE
ABSORPTION
GROUND ROLL
RISKS FOR VEHICLES
TYPE OF SOURCES
ACCESSIBILITY
PERMITTING RESTRICTION
SOCIAL
TIME DELAY
TYPE OF SOURCES
EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING OF MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS FROM DEM (5 to 90m resolution)
surface curvature
slope aspect
angular waterpath
valley geometry
channel profile etc…
ADJUSTMENT AND CONTROL OF PROCESSED PARAMETERS ON SATELLITE IMAGERY
REFINED CALCULATED AND CUSTOMIZED PARAMETERS
length/ height ratio of valley
slope gradient
flooding assessment
knickpoints and scarps detection
Assymetry indices
IBK indices
More……

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Beddings
Morphological scarps
Dolines - sinkholes
Photo-facies boundary
Topo 20m
Topo 40m
Topo 60m
Topo 80m
Application for geologic investigations in desert areas
SAR L band
Analysis of radar texture
Analysis of spetcral properties of rocks
Extraction of sand dunes
Landsat TM
Relationships between texture and second order
topography
Adjustment between wek dipping beddings and
height curves to detect incipient faulting between key
markers
Analysis of topographic profile and surface envelope
Photo-intepretation
Adjustment with existing geologic data
Fractures Photo-lineaments
SRTM DEM
PROCESSING
Speckle removing
Analysis of surface envelopes for fault scarp indirect detection
Map product

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Application for geologic analysis of subtle deformation
Surface of Key horizon 1 Surface of Key horizon 2 Surface of Key horizon 3
Mapping of weak dipping key marker beds from high
resolution image
Allocation of Z values on beddings
Surface modelling using 10m DEM
Surface enveloppe extraction by interpolation
VIzualisation of positive domal structures
Analysis of Vertical persistency of morphogological axis
horizon 1
horizon 2
horizon 3 Z value allocation on key
horizons from 10m DEM

TTI PRODUCTION
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Application for seismic line positionning and campaign acquisition
Photo-interpretation of fault network
Detection of morphologic scarps from DEM
Classification of faults (orientation, length, type)
Calculation of spacing between faults within orientation classes
=> Guides for line positionning
Selection of upper cuesta line of valleys by threshold on slopes
automated digitization and extraction
Calculation of valley Length and mid-height left and right of the
river channel.
Processing of asymmetry of valley indices (Ratio W/H)
GIS processed attributes table related to point and lines
=> Guides for campaign acquisition
Quantizatrion of surface parameters for optimizing pre-analysis

TTI PRODUCTION
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Application to peri-arctic region – detection of Muskegs
Lidar DEM Processing
Multi-sensor and multi resolution analysis of Peat bogs and Muskegs surfaces
Water bodies and topographic depressions extraction
Specific vegetation classification (NDVI, photo-analysis)
Spatial correlation using advanced GIS queries between:
density of vegetation and topography
Type of vegetation communities and density
Spatial distribution of ponds and river streams
Classification of slopes, detection of scarps and slope aspects
=> Mapping of Muskeg types classes for seismic planning

TTI PRODUCTION
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Application for cluster positionning
Cluster positioning by criterion => slope and hydrographic network distance
Cluster validity automatically processed using GIS
=> Decision-making support
Pattern: regular and rectangular kernel of 2500m x 900m,
Must be aligned on a N110E direction.
Cluster: Ideally situated in the centre of the pattern.
Smaller than the pattern: 100m x 150m and floating in a
buffer zone of 500m x 300m into the pattern
Validation must fulfill at least 2 criteria
1st criteria: Slope
2nd criteria: Hydrography
Simulated GIS cluster pattern
Validated cluster
Unvalidated cluster
Buffer
Pattern
Cluster
Positionnement des Clusters au sein des Patterns
11,74%
7,16%
80,80%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Critères : pente 4%-5%; hydro 30m
Pourcentage de Patterns
Rejetés
Sous réserve
Valide
Distance au centre du Pattern
0,00%
53,42%
0,00%
60,91%
0,65%
68,08%
2,93%
75,24%
3,26%
79,48%
4,23%
83,39%
4,23%
85,34%
5,21%
89,58%
8,14%
91,86%
5,21%
88,60%
120,00%
100,00%
80,00%
60,00%
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%
0 50 75 90 100 125 150 168 200 214
Distance au centre du Pattern (m)
Pourcentage cumulé de Patterns
Clusters sous réserve
Clusters valides s.s
Quantified
results

TTI PRODUCTION
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Application to Hydrogeology and Hydrology
Classification, extraction of streams, watersheds and slopes Computed GIS attributes
Channel profiling
Water bodies
extraction
Field campaign
Joints & fault mapping
DEM
IBK indice for soil
saturation
Hydrological map editing
Elongation ratio
Slopes

TTI PRODUCTION
Earth Observation
Consulting Services
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QUICK LOOK PRE-ANALYSIS – GIS DATABASE & SEMI-AUTOMATED PRODUCTS
Pipe routing and LNG project
Flooding assessment modelling
QL SURFACE DB
Imagery
slope
Landuse DB
Topography
PK profiling
Automated classification
PK route and risk
Topography

TTI PRODUCTION
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SRTM – 90m
Expertising data and improving regional data – Geology
ENVISAT SAR– 25m
LDST TM5 – 30m
GRDC Regional geological map
free of charge data
low-cost archive images
GIS building and control
Format transfert
Spatial queries
Indonesia

TTI PRODUCTION
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Expertising data and improving regional data - Geology
Ophiolites
Carbonates
Recent carbonates
Molasse
Objectives :
morphostructural highs
structural trends
mapping
possible strike-slip faults
and faulted folds,
dipping surfaces Existing geology:
misfit between cartography
and satellite imagery
Structural enhancement
Final Quick-look map giving new information on structural
trends and molasse extension
Comparison and adjustment of existing cross-section
with morphostructural features

TTI PRODUCTION
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Consulting Services
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CASE STUDY – ALGERIA AHNET – QUICK LOOK PRE-ANALYSIS
Mesas
High
cuestas
Sandstones
Flat reg soils
Habitats and cultures
Sand dunes
Folded bedrocks
Flat surfaces
Sebkhas
Sand dunes
7-9°
10-14°
15-25°
Source data
Computed
cartographic
product
9,5%
1
2
3 53% 37,5
%

TTI PRODUCTION
Earth Observation
Consulting Services
www.tti.fr
SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY
CHALLENGE OBJECTIVES PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
Camp site settlement
Available water Ressources
Line and corridor opening
Impact assessment on
populated areas
Impact on wildlife (fauna and
flora)
Risk assessment
Near shore pollution
Access and facilities mapping
Ground water assessment
Landuse cartography
GIS database building
Topography and
Geomorphology
Flooding risk assessments
Dunes movements
Shallow water bathymetry
Vegetation mapping

TTI PRODUCTION
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Consulting Services
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LAND USE – Evolutive multi-criterion map and DB – Example Fly Plateform (PNG)
Multi-date
Multi source
Multi resolution
Multi spectral
2008
2001
1998
SAR 50 m
SAR 6,5m
Optical vs Radar
Forestry
Monitoring

TTI PRODUCTION
Earth Observation
Consulting Services
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7
Geomorphological domains
6 5
3
2
5
4
Morpho-lithology
Structural geology
Stratigraphic bibliography
Geomorphology
Topography
Topographic parameters
Aspect and spatial distribution
Slope value (degree or %)
Orientation classes
Other derived products
SEISMIC SURVEY PLANIFICATION
Hydrography and erosion
Strahler or Horton hierarchical classification
Erosive processes
Control and adjustment with photo-analysis
Hypsometric curves and valley profiles
Proposed
seismic survey
Morphostructural
accessibility

TTI PRODUCTION
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Consulting Services
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Selection of sensor with spectral visible bands adapted to water penetration
Selection of sensor with adapted resolution vs thematic items or dimension of features
Selection of date of acquisition and data quality vs turbidity for water penetration
APPLICATIONS
Seismic survey design and planning
Coastal mapping & sensitivity
Environmental basemap
Bathymetry
Benthic and sandbars mapping
Pollution and spills
VHR recent adapted sensor – 0,5m WV2
Landsat TM sensor – 30m

TTI PRODUCTION
Earth Observation
Consulting Services
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OBJECTIVES RS SOLUTIONS
HSE studies
LNG coastal planning
Environmental impact
Installations
Facilities
Accessibility
Portuary
Seismic survey planning
Shoreline extraction
Shoreline Monitoring
Oil spills
Pollution
Seismic sources
Seismic materials
Logistics
Human forces
GIS mapping for EBS
Accurate mapping scale
Decision making map products
Environmental basemap analysis
High ground resolution (0,5m):
Mapping
Features extraction
Linear network
Suitable with Lidar DTM/ DEM
Multispectral resolution (8 bands):
Shallow water bathymetry
Landuse
Vegetation
Water ressources
Turbidity
Benthic mapping
Wave refraction
Coastal sensitivity
Recent very high-resolution sensor capabilities for nearshore sea-bottom mapping
Water penetration around 20m in clear water conditions

TTI PRODUCTION
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Qualitative bathymetry from light penetration
Quantitative bathymetry from radiance is possible under certain conditions
Adjustment on existing bathymetric required
NIR bands – no penetration
COASTAL band – good penetration
Pan sharpened 1m
BASIC CONCEPTS OF BATHYMETRY PROCESSING
USING OPTICAL REMOTE-SENSING IMAGES
Light penetration in water is related to wavelength and
absorption
Sensor radiance measurement is directly related to:
Solar radiation intensity
Attenuation in and out of the atmosphere
Attenuation by water colum
Reflectance of sea bottom
Depth of water
SEVERAL METHODS
- Linear transform
- Jupp’s method
- Ratio transform
Calibration on available nautical
maps with only few points.
Multidate data set not necessary
Specific image processing
Sunglint effect removal by
statistical method

TTI PRODUCTION
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Consulting Services
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MODIS 1 MODIS 2 MODIS 3 MODIS 4 MODIS 5
T max °C
T min °C
MONITORING OF ICE
Quick-look analyis
Selection of low scale data and high repetitivity (MODIS)
Multidate approach (mid- november 2002 to end of april 2003)
Local temperature analysis (local database)
Defining referential coastline
Mapping of ice extension and variations
Determination of weather window for acquisition
Assessing for time window to guarantee compact ice cover for
light machine accessibility
MODIS 1
MODIS 2
MODIS 3
MODIS 4
MODIS 5
REFERENCE IMAGE
Rise of temperature

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MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS
METEOROLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS
ICES MONITORING

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ANALYSIS - GENERAL WORKFLOW

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NNVV / 2009
Irian Jaya – Papua New Guinea – a case of study

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Salawati
~ 500 MMbbl
Hydrocarbon provinces
Salawati ( Oil ) :
Trap: Sedimentary, Reef
Bintuni ( Gas ) :
Trap: Structural, Pop-up Oligo-miocene
Papua FTB
~ 730 MMbbl + 17 TCF
Papua FTB ( Oil & Gas ) :
Trap = Structural, FTB Late Miocene
Bintuni
~ 15 TCF
200 Km
NV-ER Project
Indonesia Papua New Guinea
Objective: Evaluate petroleum system along IJ & PNG Fold Thrust Belt and Foreland Basin
FTB: High potential

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400 km
Geological Map Project

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W E
L. Paleozoic Permo-Triassic Jurassic – Cret. Paleogene Miocene Pliocene
head
neck
body
2
SW
Irian Jaya FTB
 Early compressive phase
 Positive tectonic inversionThick skin thrusts
 Lengguru FTB and Bintuni foredeep
 Uplift of Lengguru & Irian Jaya Fold thrust belts
 Sub-thrust structures related to Inverted grabens & thin skin
Foredeep basin NE
5 km
Plio- Pleistocene
Perm
Upper Cret.
5
200 Km
Irian Jaya FTB
0
Twt sec
Section 1
Section 2
S
R
25 km
1
Berau basin Sekak ridge Bintuni basin
FTB
Lengguru FTB
Structural styles

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 The island mainly composed by rough and jungle terrains
 As a spinal column, a FTB spreads along the island axis WNW-ESE
 A thrusting of 2000 m of New Guinea Limestone occurred
 Tectonic inversion and wrenching were the most significant structural styles
 In the face of complex structural setup the seismic coverage was poor
 Projection systems & stratigraphic correlations differed on the geological maps
Indonesia Papua New Guinea from 1:1.000.000 geol. Maps
Irian Jaya
Geological interpretation improvement

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Geologic interpretation improvement
 New ventures launched to get a reliable outcrop data
 A satellite image interpretation combined with our own sub-surface data
 To fix geologic discrepancies from morpho-structural analysis
 And deliver updated geological maps (Digital cartography, multispectral image
processing, GiS database)
 Integrate to the work-flow a remote sensing approach to better appreciate potential
exploration areas
FINAL SAR ORTHO-MOSAIC

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World wide coverage
Huge availability of archives
Numerous sensors and
operators:
 spatial
 spectral
 cost
 reactivity
Valuable information in other spectral domains than visible
 Near to medium IR
 Thermal
 Radar
Stereoscopy
Quantization for Geology
Interferometry
Hyperspectral
Upstream and Downstream approach
 Exploration
 Production
 HSE
Updating and monitoring numerous geographic items:
 Geology
 Topography
 Urban
 Installations
 Land use
 Risks
Topography & positionning
GIS
Virtual reality
Decision-making
Main capabilities of Remote-sensing

TTI PRODUCTION
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TTI & Repsol E&P 2010
Remote sensing within the E&P chain
GIS Database
Final decision
FOLLOW-UP ABANDON
ACTION
STEP 2
Data acquisition
STEP 3
Consolidation
STEP 1
Preparation
 Geological maps
 Remote sensing regional
study
 Wells and seismic data
 Gravimetry
 Bibliography
 Multi-client data
purchase
 Consulting
 Source rocks extension
 Reservoir extension
 Tectonic history
 Cross section
 Petroleum system
appraisal
 Potentiality
 Economy
 Field work
 Remote sensing on
the prospectivity
 Sampling of source
rocks
 Reservoir analysis
 Calendar
 Oil seeps
 Reliability of surface
geology
 Logistic and HSE
evaluation
 Contacts and
consultants
 Integration of new data (SR, Maturity..)
 Geochemistry reservoir
 Calendar of key events
 Validation of geological maps
 Structural modelling
 Validation of Petroleum system and
reliability
 New evaluation of residual potential
Economic appraisal

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GEOLOGICAL
KNOWLEDGE
A best suited dataset
A dedicated image processing and mapping methodology
GIS applied to Geology
ADAPTED DATABASE
Global
Specific
Analyse incoherencies & reduce discrepancies between multisource maps
Define morpho-tectonic domains & structural styles
New insight on poorly known Fold-belts
Importance of wrenching
Main structural styles
Constrain cross-section building with onshore mapping
Select key areas for detail mapping study
Prepare field campaign and logistics
Improve New Ventures database
CONSOLIDATION
An integrated workflow for New frontier Exploration

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 Dense vegetation
 Sharply elevation changing
 Swamps and alluvial plains
 Permanent cloud coverage
 Tribal conflicts
 Poor geological map coverage
 Poor seismic coverage
 Few facilities and logistics
 Hard access field-work conditions
 No insight of global geology
Tropical region: High level of difficulty

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Adapted data base: Geocoded data base
RAW DATA DEM GEOLOGICAL MAPS
FINAL SAR ORTHO-MOSAIC
Final geological map
LANDSAT 5/7
WSM-BLOCS-WELLS
Input data
processing data

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Geological knowledge: Digital mapping
SAR Mosaic – 50m structural feature discrepancies
Combination of SAR &
digital map
Spatial re-positioning & control requirements
for useful mapping results
==> Structural aspect improvement:
 fault closures refining
 dip projected structures at depth
Geological map adjustment on SAR ortho-mosaic Geological map within photo-analysis

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Geological knowledge: Adapt the methodology
GRDC nomenclature Bibliography
Calibration
scale depending
Pl M
SAR texture
NGL group KtoJ
 Topographic
 Geomorphologic
 Facies
 Structural geology
Stratigraphic column correlation
Well data
Photo-facies analysis
Control

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Illustrated by
 Post Oligocene thrusting of Jurassic terranes
onto Derewo metamorphics
 Numerous thrust splays involving NGL and
rooted into Kembelangan group
 Occurrences of lateral ramps trending NW-SE
 Thick skin tectonics characterizes Mandepuma front
Geological knowledge: Fix the incoherencies
 Defining photo-facies
 Fault posting and geometry
 Control by structural concepts
 Lateral extension consistency
 Respect of structural coherency
10Km
Method
10Km
The coherency between multi-source
data leads to homogeneous results
Pz
NGL K
J
Derewo
Pliocene
Qv

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Geological knowledge: structural styles
View in view tool
 geologic map into a mixed image (Geol.
Map + SAR)
 allows a refined mapping of geologic
objects with a QC constrains by SAR

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Final geological map
Indonesia Papua New Guinea 1:1.000.000
Irian Jaya
Screening data
Scale: 1/500000
Refined mapping

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Eastern part of seismic section should
respect the analyzed surface geology
X-section:
 the structural style is characterized by high
angle faulting-strike slip related to positive
inversion with a lateral component
Map:
 tertiary is nearly vertical
 cretaceous outcrop in relation with thrust
sheets
 occurrences of recent normal faulting
 lead to a thick-skin tectonics with associated
collapse in Cenderawasih bay
E FTB FTB W
Next step
25 km
?
Consolidation: contribute to X-section building

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A continuous multi-scale and multi-source
approach from regional study
to reservoir appraisal & decision aid
DEM
SAR
GIS of surface geology (Sigeol) exportable GIS
refined map
initial map
Inter-action between New ventures,
Regional studies & Management
 low cost technique & reactivity
 operability world-wide
 efficient tool for spatial positioning references
 quick look analysis of HC provinces
 lead appraisal & block bidding
 GIS basemap for decision making
Transverse technique for Oil & Gas
specialities
 quantitative parameters for geologists and
engineers
 surface vs subsurface relationships
 Scale compatibility with other geologic
techniques
 GIS interoperability with geoscience softwares
Other application domains
 HSE
 Seismic survey
 Reservoir modelling
 Pipe/ LNG
 Tectonic geomorphology
 Industrial risk assessment

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LANDSAT TM, IRS
AVNIR, ASTER, SPOT 1-2
MEDIUM RESOLUTION IMAGES (10-30m)
MAP SCALE AT 1:25000 to 1:200000
QUICKBIRD, IKONOS,
WORLDVIEW, GEOEYE
VERY HIGH RESOLUTION (< 2,5m)
MAP SCALE AT 1:2000 to 1;8000
PANCHROMATIC or PAN-SHARPENING
SPOT4-5, ALOS PRISM, CARTOSAT,
KOMPSAT, ORBVIEW, FORMOSAT
HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGES (2,5m-5m)
MAP SCALE AT 1:8000 to 1:35000

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ANALYSIS – THEMATIC PROCESSING FOR LITHOLOGIC EXTRACTION
VNIR 321 in RGB – 15m
SWIR 531 in RGB – 30m
TIR 531 in RGB – 90m
Erosion and weathering behaviour of
rocks using True color displau
Main rocks classification using
differential erosive processes enhanced
by spectral properties in the visible to
very near IR domains
Improving discrimination of rocks using
short wave IR.
Improving separation of lithologic units
within main rock units
Enhancement of structural and
stratigraphic contacts
Thermal properties of rocks
Separation between sedimentary and
magmatic rocks.
Discrimination within same unit
Fault detection
C
C

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ANALYSIS – THEMATIC PROCESSING FOR LITHOLOGIC EXTRACTION
Enhancing geologic mapping through multispectral analysis
Decorrelation matrix of the 3 VNIR and 6 SWIR bands is used to create a new neo-channel
color composite using 99% of the useful spectral information.
Results:
Good separation between limestones and Fe2+ rich sandstones in the East
Unit Ad1b is extending further West under Ad2
Ryolith in the center of the scene displays 2 different mineral composition
N15°E faults extend to the south

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PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS
DECORRELATION AND BAND RATIOING
DATA FUSION / PAN-SHARPENING
SPATIAL AND FREQUENCY FILTERING
CLASSIFICATION
Lithologic mapping
Morphostructural photo-analysis
Structural features
Basement features extraction
Fault mapping
Control and updating of geological maps

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ANALYSIS – THEMATIC PROCESSING FOR STRUCTURAL ASPECT
Discriminating lithologic units using ratioing and
Principal component analysis can be useful to
separate a single regional specific unit that can be
considered as a lithostratigraphic boundary
=> Defining a key marker bed/ contact for structural
analysis
improving structural aspects and fault network
dolomitic interval within the Ad2 Limestone formation
has a light blue tone that is easily recognized within
the sedimentary cover.
Variation of cartographic width suggest an asymetric
NS fold toward the West
VNIR 321 in RGB – 15m
PCA1,23 in RGB
Original map

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ANALYSIS – DATA FUSION AND RESAMPLING

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- Hydrocarbon Exploration (permeability, deep analog, reservoir analog, etc…)
- Hydrogeology (Fluid flow modelisation, natural hazard etc…)
- CO2 Storage (surface leaks, etc…)
- Mineral exploration (fluid circulation, mineral accumulation, hydrothermalism, etc…)
Geostatistics
Orientation
Length
Density
Connectivity
Spacing
Curvature
Analysis of fracture network applied to various
Geosciences domains

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Image resolution vs scaling properties
r < 1m 2 < r < 15m r > 20m
Hydrocarbure exploration
- Joints
- small fractures
- Veins
- Faults
- Fractures Corridors (FC)
- Fractures swarms
- Faults & Lineaments
- Regional Fractures Corridors
(FC)
- Fracture porosity
- BC fractures
- Diffuse network
- Pervasive fractures
- Highly Persistant Fracture
(HPF)
- spatial interpolation
- Highly Persistant Fracture
(HPF)
DEFINING OBJECT
DEFINING SCALE
SELECTING INPUT
RESOLUTION
ADJUSTING IMAGE DATA
VH to M Resolution
Fracture Corridors
10m to n x 1km
No offset
Faults
offsets
100m to 1 km, offset<20m (subseismic)
500m- 100 km, offset >10m (seismic)
Fractures/Joints/ veins
Bed Confined (BC)
n < 10m
No offset
Surface analog helps filling scale gap for
subsurface fault modelling

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Hydrocarbon Exploration - Geostatistics vs geologic setting
orientation vs lithology orientation within structural block orientation vs length
Deviated trajectories
vs folding
Histogram and rose diagrams Faulting vs folding

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Power law distribution of length
Fracture deviation near main fault
Influence of lithology
Impact on density
Timing appraisal
Classification on length and spatial distribution
Buffer analysis
Spacing profile on
fracture class
Hydrocarbon Exploration – Geostatistics analysis
Spacing distance infra and inter beddings

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Hydrocarbon Exploration - Geostatistics analysis (continued)
Spatial visualisation of fractures density
Spatial visualisation of connectivity
Dynamic impact on circulation
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Buffer analysis on major faults
Curvature and deviation at
proximity of main fault
GF 1 GF 2 GF 3 GF 4 GF 5 GF 6 GF 7 GF 8 Filon 1 Filon 2 Filon 3 Filon 4
50m
100m
200m
Fracture density / connectivity
Fractures Corridor (FC) detection
Influence by main faults and FC
Integrated parameter for Fault/fractures relationships
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
GF 1 GF 2 GF 3 GF 4 GF 5 GF 6 GF 7 GF 8 Filon 1 Filon 2 Filon 3 Filon 4
N120E
N030E
N090E
N00E
=> Matrix block organization
Curvature
Influence by main faults
Tectonic calendar assessment
Relationship between fault orientation Curvated fracture graphic and fracture curvature

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Hydrogeology – Mineral Exploration – CO2 Storage - Geothermy
Linking fracture type to porosity
Distribution of faults and joints
Spatial connectivity
=> Water flow modelling in Hydrogeology
Surface mapping of fault network for CO2 storage:
- Fracture orientation and spacing for possible pathways
- Leaking processes appraisal from Geobotanic analysis
- Future Hyperspectral analysis
Fracture density and fracture
connectivity mapping products
Undirect detection of water presence:
- Vegetation Indices
- Spectral discrimination of hydroxydes
- Springs and mineralization
- Soil rugosity and water penetration
Automated extraction of lineaments
and adjustment by photo-analysis for
Mineral Exploration
Laterites
Field control

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DATA INPUT AND DELIVERABLES

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DEM HIGH RESOLUTION PRODUCTION & WORKFLOW

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USING GIS TOPOLOGY AND DIGITAL MAPPING TECHNICS - SIGEOL®
SURFACE GEOLOGY
Structural setting enhancement
Improving map cover
Getting new dips
Spatial correlation of structures
Adjustment sub-surface/ surface
ATTRIBUTE GEODATABASE

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EXTRACTING AND PROCESSING GEOLOGIC PARAMETERS - SIGEOL®
 Beddings line-drawing
 Photo-facies mapping
 Fracture geostatistics
 Dip quantization
 Photo-stratigraphy
 Thickness quantization
 automated stratigraphic column
 cross-section header
 3D viewing
 export to modellers
 Virtual reality
 Cross-section header
150
0m
140
0m
130
0m
120
0m
110
0m
100
0m
900
m
800
m
N
100m

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AN EXAMPLE OF SIGEOL® Tool - DIP processing
Surface slope dip (< 10°) Dip from known thickness
Several methods suitable for data type input, scale, technics
Morphostructutal dip (qualitative)
Dip digitization from maps
Dip 3 points
Dip from beddings
Dip from thickness
Dip from structural slope
Qualitative dips (DEM not available?)
3 pts dip Dip from contact trace

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SIGEOL® is a Geological Information System that runs as a plugin on TNTMips® and free TNTLite ®
softwares.
It helps the field or petroleum geologists to build advanced saptio(maps and database using GIS technics,
3D calculation from DEM and dedicated geo-styles to produce efficient added-value cartographic products.
Through direct use of calculated geologic features and thematic geo-attributes, SIGEOL allows to perform
surface geology and morphostructural studies using spatial cross-correlations between computed or
mapped parameters.
It is a powerful digital mapping tool developped by TTI Production and has been designed to improve
2D/3D surface geologic mapping.
SIGEOL is usable for digital mapping of high resolution to mid-resolution satellite images and DEM for the
Petroleum, Mining industry as well as a field mapping solution
Current research are centered on:
GIS 3D
Cartographic heave calculation of faults.
GIS export routines to ensure complete interoperabiltiy with other GIS softwares used in the Petroleum
industry.
Integration of Geomorphological tools
Curvature analysis of folds

TTI PRODUCTION
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In hard-access areas poorly covered by
geological maps and field terrain
campaign, information on stratigraphy
and lithology can be missing.
The relative stratigraphic database allows
to perform relative stratigraphic
allocation by using the basic principle of
superposition .
SIGEOL® database
SIGEOL allows to assign both the top and/or the base
of a single unit or formation using vector topology.
Each contact is identified by its stratigraphic and
lithologic properties.
Topology allows to validate occurence of
unconformity, thickness variation or position of a fold
axis.

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SIGEOL® database
Various databases are available in SIGEOL dealing with Geology, Volcanism, Sedimentary, Geochemistry and
Metamorphism.
Secondary database are linked to the main DB and correspond to more detail characteristics that can be used for
a complete geological analysis.
Some of these databases have been constructed to help the geologist with information that only coud be available
during a field campaign or in laboratory operations. These specific information like Geochemistry, Granulometry
etc... could be integrated in the GIS analysis “a posteriori” to perform more accurate cross correlation queries
with the information taken out from a remote-sensing analysis.

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SIGEOL® - computed parameters for geology - Dips
Digitization from existing map
3 points plane calculation
Dip from known thickness and heights
Qualitative dips
Depending on data input and availability dips
can be computed with several methods from
DEM data

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Quantifying
structural slopes
using Fourier
transform
Data strips extraction along topographic section
Cross-section automated header and manifold construction
Apparent and true
thickness computing

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Stratigraphic column
computing
Wulff projection

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3D Perspective viewing
3D fly by
Anaglyphs
Stereo
Chromadepth
Complete geo-attribute
table

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PhD thesis – Nahossio GONGA – 2007/2010

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Quantifying the accuracy of gridded elevation models
Comparison by
thresholding on Dinf,
D8 and Rho8 methods
Evaluating the best methods for
stream extraction and modelling of
accumulation in transition zones
between foothills and mountains

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Automated fault detection
from Knick-point computing
using DEM
Parameters General Workflow

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Thematic queries and
cross-correlation
capabilities

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Case study – Sierra Nacimiento

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NEW HIGH RESOLUTION DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL FROM
SATELLITE ALOS (*) STEREOSCOPIC IMAGES
SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY FOR QUANTIFIED GEOLOGY
AND EXPLORATION MAPPING PRODUCTS
(*) Advanced Land Observing Satellite

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PRISM SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS
Satellite launched in 2006 - JAXA
Scientific and commercial program
Yearly acquisition program
Worldwide complete coverage
Along track stereo
High resolution nadir view (2,5m)
2 modes (backward / forward)
Programming is possible but not easy and time consuming
Delivery timeframe is less than 2 weeks
Quality/ price ratio: Very good
Surface/ price ratio: Very good
Resolution/ price ratio: Good

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PROCESSING WORKFLOW AND ALGORITHM

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ACCURATE TOPOGRAPHIC PRODUCTS
Minimizing distorsion on steep slopes - Orthorectifaction Adjusted Accurate Z values for accessibility mapping mapping of photo-horizons
XY accuracy: 5m
Z accuracy: 2,5 to 3m
Accurate Orthorectified products
Maximum scale analysis is 1/8500
Optimized scale analysis is 1/12000
Stereoscopic photo-analysis
DEM processing
Anaglyph products
Geological mapping,
Tectonic Geomorphology
Landuse mapping
Dip processing
Topographic profiles
Hypsometry
Pan-sharpening capability
PRISM 2,5m + AVNIR 10m
=> OC®5m color product

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Pan sharpening data fusion Geological end-products
 Beddings contours
 Fracture picking
 Dip quantization
 Litho-stratigraphic analysis
 Beddings thickness
 3D viewing
 3D simulation
 Virtual reality
Geological map and Dip processing Fracture mapping

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