A look at the Israeli and Palestinian Peace Process over 40 years.

1. 40 years of Peace Talks 1977 Menachem Begin became Prime Minister in Israel

2. 40 years of Peace Talks Begin – led the Israeli opposition fo 30 years Wanted to make deal with Egypt over Sinai Desert Did not want to let go of West Bank Egyptian President Anwar Sadat wanted to end war with Israel and was willing to give up Sinai Penninsula Sadat shocked the world and announced he would go personally to Knesset to seek peace Syrian Leader Assad and PLO’s Arafat were very upset by this announcement.

3. 40 years of Peace Talks Begin did not want to destroy Israeli Sinai Settlements Sadat was determined to get rid of settlements in the Sinai desert Sadat thought this would be the first step to peace between all Jews, Arabs, and Palestinians

4. 40 years of Peace Talks President Jimmy Carter got involved in Peace Talks

5. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS September 1978 President Carter hosted Sadat and Begin at Camp David 13 days of negotiating to reach Agreement

6. 40 Years of Peace Talks Egypt agreed to make Peace with Israel Israel would return Sinai to Egypt Israel would close the Israeli Settlements in the Sinai desert Sadat and Begin agreed to give autonomy and limited local power to Palestinians in West Bank and Gaza This was rejected by the PLO This brought an end to 30 years of conflict between Egypt and Israel

7. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS After peace agreement, Begin was free to act without fear of Egypt attacking Increased settlements in West Bank from 45 to 112 Begin was worried about PLO in Lebanon and was now free to attack 1975 Israelis set up South Lebanon Army (SLA) Made up of Lebanese Christians whom Israel saw as allies March, 1978 Israel invaded southern Lebanon Following a bus bombing by the PLO

8. 40 Years of Peace Talks Bus Bombing in 1978

9. 40 Years of Peace Talks Large number of Palestinians and Israelis were killed because of the invasion. Israel withdrew from most of the border but kept some troops on a small plot of land June, 1982 Israel again invaded Lebanon Operation Peace of Galilee Took 3 years for Israelis to withdraw from Lebanon Arafat and the PLO finally pulled out of Lebanon in August

10. 40 Years of Peace Talks DIVISIONS IN THE RELIGIOUS SOCIETY RELIGIOUS JEWS JEWS WHO PAY LITTLE ATTENTION TO JEWISH FAITH ISRAELI JEWS FROM EUROPEAN BACKGROUND JEWS FROM AFRICA AND ASIAN BACKGROUNDS SUPPORTERS OF THE LEFT-WING LABOUR PARTY SUPPORTERS OF THE RIGHT-WING LIKUD ISRAELI JEWS WHO WANT TO COMPROMISE WITH PALESTINIANS ISRAELI JEWS WHO WANT THE GOVERHMENT TO TAKE A TOUGH LINE WITH PALESTINIANS

11. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS LABOUR PARTY –Sees itself caring on the work of early left wing socialists. Socialists wanted good relations with their Arab neighbors as far back as 1920 Dominated Israeli government for 30 years Many Jews wanted nothing to do with the Arabs and thought Force should be used Vladimir Jabotinsky – leader of the hardliners “What is needed is an Iron Wall of Armed force….No agreement was possible with the Palestinian Arab.”

12. 40 Years of Peace Talks Ben Gurion was the Socialist leader that disagreed with Jabotinsky and the hardline approach. Ben Gurion called for Havlaga Hebrew term meaning “self restraint” Divisions among Jews increased in the 1940’s 2 armies one for the left wing and one for the right wing. Haganah – left wing Irgun – Right wing

13. 40 Years of Peace Talks Left Wing was much more popular and Ben Gurion was the first Prime Minister 1948 Right Wing leader = Menachim Begin Ben Gurion accepted the UN Partition Plan Begin rejected Partition Plan and said that all of Palestine should be under Jewish Control 1948 Ben Gurion attacked a Irgun ship and sunk it.

14. 40 Years of Peace Talks European Jews = Ashkenazi Jews Arab Jews = Sephardic Jews Sephardic Jews had trouble intergrading into Israeli Life. Trouble finding work Language Problems started to turn against the Labour Party and joined the Likud Party

15. 40 Years of Peace Talks Sephardic Jews helped get Begin elected to Prime Minister Fast Forward to 1989 – Soviets allow Jews to leave the country and huge migration to Israel More than 700,000 immigrants by 1996 and they created a new party – YisraelBealiya This new party alligned with hard liners and Likud

16. 40 Years of Peace Talks THE SETTLEMENT MOVEMENT Orthodox believe it is God’s Plan to have all Jews live in Israel The Orthodox are huge supporters of the Settlement movement. Hebrew Gush Emunim (Bloc of the Faithful) 1967 1967 – Labour Party established a small number of Israeli settlements in West Bank for defensive reasons Likud wanted many more settlements established

17. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS LIKUD TAKES POWER Huge expansion in settlements 1976 – 1996 Increase in settlers from 4,000 to over 100,000 Middle of 1990’s settlers constituted about 10% of population of the West Bank West Bank town of Hebron – tension between settlers and Palestinian Settlers have to be protected by Armed Israeli Guards

18. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS One of many West Bank Settlements

19. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS ARMED GUARDS IN THE 1980’S

20. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS

21. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS Palestinian merchant in West Bank

22. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS AMERICAN INFLUENCE ON ISRAEL 1951 Israel and US signed a treaty of Friendship US has tried to influence Israel to negotiate a peace deal Madrid Peace Conference 1991 1992 President Bush told Israel to stop expanding Settlements in the West Bank but Israelis refused to change. 1993 – American Pressure lead to an agreement Bill Clinton elected President in 1992 PLO and Israeli peace deal was signed in Washington, DC

23. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS

24. 40 YEARS OF UNREST INTIFADA PALESTINIAN UPRISING FROM 1987 TO 1991 Started in a refugee camp, and then spread to the Gaza Strip, West Bank and East Jerusalem Civil unrest and disobedience and boycotting of Israeli products Israeli’s started to look to government to do something

25. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS WHAT WAS AGREED TO? Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements it was the first direct, face-to-face agreement between the government of Israel and the PLO. the Israeli government recognized the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people PLO recognized the right of the state of Israel to exist and renounced terrorism as well as other violence, and its desire for the destruction of the Israeli state.

26. 40 YEARS OF NEGOTIATIONS Palestinian Interim Self-Government Authority, an elected Council, for the Palestinian people in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, a transitional period not exceeding five years, leading to a permanent settlement based on UN Security Council Resolution 242 and 338 Israel withdraw from Gaza Strip and Jericho area Arafat took control of Gaza and West Bank

27. 40 YEARS OF NEGOTIATIONS PEACE AGREEMENT WITH JORDAN SIGNED IN 1993 PALESTINIANS REACTION TO THE PEACE DEALS It did not remove settlements from the West Bank Israeli settlers not under Palestinian Rule Arab East Jerusalem was excluded from deal Israeli forces still present in Palestinian territories Nothing regarding refugees

28. 40 YEARS OF PEACE NEGOTIATIONS ISRAELI REACTION Right Wing and religious Israelis were not happy Give up West Bank which had historical significance Did not trust PLO Tried to stop the peace agreements Israeli settler killed 29 in the West Bank in the center of Hebron 1994 – Hamas suicide bombings of buses 1995 – Jewish extremist killed Rabin Showed the divided nature of Israeli society

29. 40 YEARS OF PEACE TALKS RABIN ASSASINATION Turning point of Israeli history Would have won 1996 election More attacks by Hamas and thus Israelis thought peace deal was not working