Large Scale Kubernetes on AWS at Europe's Leading Online Fashion Platform - Container Days Hamburg
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Large Scale Kubernetes on AWS at Europe's Leading Online Fashion Platform - Container Days Hamburg
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Bootstrapping a Kubernetes cluster is easy, rolling it out to nearly 200 engineering teams and operating it at scale is a challenge. In this talk, we are presenting our approach to Kubernetes provisioning on AWS, operations and developer experience for our growing Zalando Technology department. We will highlight in the context of Kubernetes: AWS service integrations, our IAM/OAuth infrastructure, cluster autoscaling, continuous delivery and general developer experience. The talk will cover our most important learnings and we will openly share failure stories. Talk given at Container Days HH (https://containerdays.io/) on 2017-06-20.
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Large Scale Kubernetes on AWS at Europe's Leading Online Fashion Platform - Container Days Hamburg
- 1. CONTAINER DAYS HAMBURG 2017-06-20 HENNING JACOBS @try_except_ Kubernetes on AWS @ZalandoTech
- 2. 2 ZALANDO 15 markets 6 fulfillment centers 20 million active customers 3.6 billion € net sales 2016 165 million visits per month 12,000 employees in Europe
- 3. 3 ZALANDO TECHNOLOGY HOME-BREWED, CUTTING-EDGE & SCALABLE technology solutions >1,700 employees from tech locations + HQs in Berlin6 77 nations help our brand to WIN ONLINE
- 5. 5 FOUR ERAS AT ZALANDO TECH ZOMCATPHP STUPS KUBERNETES 2010 2015 2016 Data center WAR AWS Docker Cloud Formation Low level (AWS API) AWS Docker Kubernetes manifest High abstraction level Data center PHP files
- 9. 9 KUBERNETES ON AWS: CONTEXT 200 engineering teams 30 prod. clusters AWS/STUPS Dockerized apps No manual operations Reliability Autoscaling Seamless migration
- 10. 10 ISOLATED AWS ACCOUNTS Internet *.abc.example.org *.xyz.example.org Product ABC Product XYZ EC2 LBLB
- 12. 12 DEPLOYMENT
- 13. 13 DEPLOYMENT CONFIGURATION . ├── apply │ ├── credentials.yaml # K8s TPR │ ├── ingress.yaml # K8s Ingress │ ├── redis-deployment.yaml # K8s Deployment │ ├── redis-service.yaml # K8s Service │ └── service.yaml # K8s Service ├── deployment.yaml # K8s Deployment └── pipeline.yaml # proprietary config
- 14. 14 INGRESS.YAML apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1 kind: Ingress metadata: name: "..." spec: rules: # DNS name your application should be exposed on - host: "myapp.foo.example.org" http: paths: - backend: serviceName: "myapp" servicePort: 80
- 17. 17 CLOUD FORMATION VIA CI/CD . ├── apply │ ├── cf-iam-role.yaml # AWS IAM Role │ ├── cf-rds.yaml # AWS RDS Database │ ├── kube-ingress.yaml # K8s Ingress │ ├── kube-secret.yaml # K8s Secret │ └── kube-service.yaml # K8s Service ├── deployment.yaml # K8s Deployment └── pipeline.yaml # CI/CD config
- 18. 18 ASSIGNING AWS IAM ROLE TO POD kind: Deployment spec: template: metadata: annotations: # annotation for kube2iam iam.amazonaws.com/role: "app-myapp-role" spec: containers: - name: ... ... https://github.com/jtblin/kube2iam ⇒ AWS SDKs just work as expected
- 20. 20 CLUSTER AUTOSCALING Control # of worker nodes in ASG: • Satisfy all resource requests • One spare node per AZ • No manual config “tweaking” • Scale down, but not too fast ⇒ we want to be “elastic” https://github.com/hjacobs/kube-aws-autoscaler
- 22. 22 SERVICE TO SERVICE AUTHNZ Kubernetes Cluster https://resource-server.example.org/protected HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized { "message": "Authorization required" }
- 24. 24 USING THE OAUTH CREDENTIALS #!/bin/bash secret=$(cat /creds/mytok-token-secret) curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $secret" https://resource-server.example.org/protected
- 25. 25 CHALLENGES
- 26. 26 1. Getting Started 2. Stability 3. Onboarding 4. User Experience 5. Operations CHALLENGES
- 31. 31 CLUSTER PROVISIONING • Two Cloud Formation stacks • Master & worker ASGs + etcd • Nodes w/ Container Linux • K8s manifests applied separately • kube-system Deployments • DaemonSets
- 32. 32 GETTING STARTED Goal: use Kubernetes API as primary interface for AWS • Mate, External DNS • Kubernetes Ingress Controller for AWS • kube2iam ⇒ we wrote new components to achieve our goal
- 33. 33 INGRESS CONTROLLER https://github.com/zalando-incubator/kube-ingress-aws-controller / https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/external-dns
- 34. 34 GETTING STARTED Other questions we asked ourselves.. • Single AZ vs. Multi AZ? • Federation? • Overlay network? • Authnz?
- 35. 35 GETTING STARTED Other questions we asked ourselves.. • Single AZ vs. Multi AZ? ⇒ Multi AZ • Federation? ⇒ No, not ready yet • Overlay network? ⇒ Flannel, “rock solid” • Authnz? ⇒ OAuth, webhook
- 37. 37 STABILITY • Cluster Updates • Docker • AWS Rate Limits
- 40. 40 STABILITY: AWS RATE LIMITS • Ran into the same trap twice (Mate & Ingress Ctrl) • Kubernetes core causes many calls (e.g. EBS) • Monitoring (ZMON) needs to poll AWS ⇒ One of our biggest pain points with AWS (and all workarounds are hard and/or ugly)
- 41. 41 STABILITY: LIMIT RANGE kubectl describe limitrange Name: limits Namespace: default Type Resource Min Max Default Req Default Limit Max Limit/Request Ratio ---- -------- --- --- ----------- ------------- ----------------------- Container memory - 64Gi 100Mi 1Gi - Container cpu - 16 100m 3 - http://kubernetes-on-aws.readthedocs.io/en/latest/admin-guide/kubernetes-in-production.html#resources ⇒ Mitigate errors on OSI layer 8 ;-)
- 43. Recommended: The 5 Whys https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Whys
- 45. 45 ONBOARDING • Many new concepts to grasp vs. 200 teams • Kubernetes Training (2h) • Documentation • Recorded Friday Demos • Support Channels (chat, mail)
- 47. 47 USER EXPERIENCE • Jenkins deployment only covers “happy case” • Juggling with YAMLs • Weighted traffic switching missing
- 48. 48 UX: WEIGHTED TRAFFIC SWITCHING • STUPS uses weighted Route53 DNS records • Allows canary, blue/green, slow ramp up • Approach: add weights to Ingress backends https://github.com/zalando/skipper/issues/324
- 49. 49 UX: WEIGHTED TRAFFIC SWITCHING https://github.com/zalando/skipper/issues/324
- 51. 51 OPERATIONS • Team Autonomy? • Platform as a Service • Convergence • Emergency Operator Access ⇒ Hard challenges..
- 53. 53 LINKS Running Kubernetes in Production on AWS http://kubernetes-on-aws.readthedocs.io/en/latest/admin-guide/kubernetes-in-production.html Kube AWS Ingress Controller https://github.com/zalando-incubator/kube-ingress-aws-controller External DNS https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/external-dns PostgreSQL Operator https://github.com/zalando-incubator/postgres-operator Zalando Cluster Configuration https://github.com/zalando-incubator/kubernetes-on-aws List of Organizations using Kubernetes on AWS https://github.com/hjacobs/kubernetes-on-aws-users
- 54. QUESTIONS? HENNING JACOBS TECH INFRASTRUCTURE CLOUD ENGINEER henning@zalando.de @try_except_ Illustrations by @01k