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MORE THAN JUST SOME BITS… 
Data Warehousing and Bitmap Indexes 
Dani Schnider, Trivadis AG 
Oracle Open World 2011, 
San Francisco 
BASEL BERN BRUGG LAUSANNE ZÜRICH DÜSSELDORF FRANKFURT A.M. FREIBURG I.BR. HAMBURG MÜNCHEN STUTTGART WIEN 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
1
Dani Schnider 
 Principal Consultant und 
DWH/BI Lead Architect 
bei Trivadis in Zürich 
 Teacher for courses about 
Data Warehousing, SQL 
Optimization and Oracle 
Warehouse Builder 
 Co-author of book «Data 
Warehousing mit Oracle» 
2014 © Trivadis 
2 
Fehlertolerante Ladeprozesse 
18. April 2012
Mit über 600 IT- und Fachexperten bei Ihnen vor Ort 
2014 © Trivadis 
11 Trivadis Niederlassungen mit 
über 600 Mitarbeitenden 
200 Service Level Agreements 
Mehr als 4'000 Trainingsteilnehmer 
Forschungs- und Entwicklungs-budget: 
CHF 5.0 / EUR 4 Mio. 
Finanziell unabhängig und 
nachhaltig profitabel 
Erfahrung aus mehr als 1'900 
Projekten pro Jahr bei über 800 
Kunden 
Stand 12/2012 
Hamburg 
Düsseldorf 
Frankfurt 
Freiburg 
München 
Wien 
Basel 
Bern Zürich 
Lausanne 
3 
Stuttgart 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
3
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
4 
SOME BITS ABOUT 
BITMAP INDEXES 
AND THEIR USAGE IN 
DATA WAREHOUSES
Bitmap Indexes – Concept 
Oracle® Database Concepts 11g Release 2 (11.2) 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
5
Bitmap Indexes – Concept 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
6
Bitmap Indexes – Example 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
7
Comparison B-tree Index / Bitmap Index 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
8
Comparison B-tree Index / Bitmap Index 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
9
Concatenated Bitmap Indexes 
Bitmap Indexes on two or more columns are possible, but not useful 
2014 © Trivadis 
Why? 
 Concatenated bitmap index can be used only when all columns are 
filtered 
 Two or more separate bitmap indexes are more flexible and can be used 
for all combinations 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
10
Index Strategy on Star Schema 
 Dimension Tables: 
 Unique b-tree index on primary key column 
 Bitmap indexes on additional columns (optional) 
 Fact Tables: 
 Bitmap indexes on all dimension key (foreign key) columns 
 Bitmap join indexes on often used filter columns (optional) 
 Usually no primary key on fact tables 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
11
Index Strategy on Star Schema 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
12
Query Optimization on Star Schemas 
 Typical Queries: 
 Filter criteria on (multiple) dimension 
2014 © Trivadis 
tables 
 Facts are selected by join with 
dimensions 
 Problem: 
 Tables with restrictions should be 
read first 
 Only two tables can be joined at a 
time 
 No relationships between dimension 
tables 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
13
Star Transformation – Concept 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
14
Star Transformation – Example 
What is the total revenue for product “Shorts” for all customers in Germany, 
grouped by male and female customers? 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
15
Star Transformation – Example 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
16
Bitmap Join Index – Concept 
 Bitmap index is defined on fact 
2014 © Trivadis 
table 
 Indexed column is part of 
dimension table 
 Possible for star and snowflake 
schemas 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
17
Bitmap Join Index – Example 
Same example with Bitmap Join Indexes 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
18 
Demo
Bitmap Indexes and ETL 
 Bitmap indexes are efficient for set-based ETL 
 Index maintenance is deferred until end of each DML operation 
 Efficient index maintenance for Parallel DML 
 Avoid “hand-made” parallel ETL with multiple sessions 
 Locking behavior of bitmap indexes 
 For large data loads: Rebuild indexes after ETL operation 
 Set all indexes to UNUSABLE 
 Load data into table 
 Rebuild all indexes 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
19
Bitmap Indexes and Partitioning 
 Bitmap Indexes must always be LOCAL 
 Local indexes are recommended in Data Warehouse 
 Only purpose of global indexes in DWH: unique indexes without partition key 
  Restriction of local bitmap indexes is not a problem 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
20
Bitmap Indexes and Compression 
 Bitmap Indexes are always compressed 
 Zeros are compressed, Ones are not compressed 
 Bitmap contains number of zeros to next 1 bit 
 Bitmap Indexes need less disk space than B-tree Indexes 
 Even for columns with high number of distinct keys 
 Detail description see «Bitmap Index Internals», © Julian Dyke 
 http://www.juliandyke.com/Presentations/BitmapIndexInternals.ppt 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
21
Bitmap Indexes and Compression 
 Number of distinct keys has impact on size of index 
 Bitmap index is usually smaller than b-tree index 
 For high number of keys, size of bitmap index increases 
 Size of b-tree index is more or less constant 
 Sort order affects size of bitmap index, but not of b-tree index 
2014 © Trivadis 
350 
300 
250 
200 
150 
100 
50 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
22 
Demo 
0 
10 100 1000 10000 100000 
Bitmap (scattered) Bitmap (sorted) B-tree index
Bitmap Indexes and Compression 
 Enabling table compression 
 When a table is enabled for compression, all bitmap indexes must be disabled 
 Reason: Hakan factor of table 
 Maximum number of rows that can be stored in a table block 
 Hakan factor changes when table is enabled for compression (only first time) 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
23 
Demo
Bitmap Indexes – Conclusion 
 Bitmap Indexes are a powerful Data Warehouse feature 
 Can be combined in ad hoc queries 
 Star Transformation 
 Useful for selective and non-selective columns 
 Bitmap Indexes are useful for large databases 
 Efficient for set-based ETL and Parallel DML 
 Local bitmap indexes on partitioned tables 
 Compression of bitmap indexes 
 There are almost no reasons to use b-tree indexes in a Data Warehouse 
 B-tree indexes are mainly used for Primary Key or Unique Key constraints 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
24
References 
 Oracle® Database Data Warehousing Guide 11g Release 2 (11.2) 
 Oracle Corporation, http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/ 
 Oracle® Database Concepts 11g Release 2 (11.2) 
 Oracle Corporation, http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/ 
 Christian Antognini: Troubleshooting Oracle Performance 
 Apress, http://www.apress.com/9781590599174 
 Jonathan Lewis: Cost-Based Oracle Fundamentals 
 Apress, http://www.apress.com/9781590596364 
 Julian Dyke: Bitmap Index Internals 
 http://www.juliandyke.com/Presentations/BitmapIndexInternals.ppt 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
25
THANK YOU. 
Trivadis AG 
Dani Schnider 
Europa-Strasse 5 
CH-8152 Glattbrugg/Zürich 
Switzerland 
Tel. +41 44 808 70 20 
Fax +41 44 808 70 21 
info@trivadis.com 
www.trivadis.com 
BASEL BERN BRUGG LAUSANNE ZÜRICH DÜSSELDORF FRANKFURT A.M. FREIBURG I.BR. HAMBURG MÜNCHEN STUTTGART WIEN 
2014 © Trivadis 
Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 
02.10.2011 
26

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Data Warehousing and Bitmap Indexes - More than just some bits

  • 1. MORE THAN JUST SOME BITS… Data Warehousing and Bitmap Indexes Dani Schnider, Trivadis AG Oracle Open World 2011, San Francisco BASEL BERN BRUGG LAUSANNE ZÜRICH DÜSSELDORF FRANKFURT A.M. FREIBURG I.BR. HAMBURG MÜNCHEN STUTTGART WIEN 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 1
  • 2. Dani Schnider  Principal Consultant und DWH/BI Lead Architect bei Trivadis in Zürich  Teacher for courses about Data Warehousing, SQL Optimization and Oracle Warehouse Builder  Co-author of book «Data Warehousing mit Oracle» 2014 © Trivadis 2 Fehlertolerante Ladeprozesse 18. April 2012
  • 3. Mit über 600 IT- und Fachexperten bei Ihnen vor Ort 2014 © Trivadis 11 Trivadis Niederlassungen mit über 600 Mitarbeitenden 200 Service Level Agreements Mehr als 4'000 Trainingsteilnehmer Forschungs- und Entwicklungs-budget: CHF 5.0 / EUR 4 Mio. Finanziell unabhängig und nachhaltig profitabel Erfahrung aus mehr als 1'900 Projekten pro Jahr bei über 800 Kunden Stand 12/2012 Hamburg Düsseldorf Frankfurt Freiburg München Wien Basel Bern Zürich Lausanne 3 Stuttgart Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 3
  • 4. 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 4 SOME BITS ABOUT BITMAP INDEXES AND THEIR USAGE IN DATA WAREHOUSES
  • 5. Bitmap Indexes – Concept Oracle® Database Concepts 11g Release 2 (11.2) 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 5
  • 6. Bitmap Indexes – Concept 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 6
  • 7. Bitmap Indexes – Example 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 7
  • 8. Comparison B-tree Index / Bitmap Index 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 8
  • 9. Comparison B-tree Index / Bitmap Index 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 9
  • 10. Concatenated Bitmap Indexes Bitmap Indexes on two or more columns are possible, but not useful 2014 © Trivadis Why?  Concatenated bitmap index can be used only when all columns are filtered  Two or more separate bitmap indexes are more flexible and can be used for all combinations Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 10
  • 11. Index Strategy on Star Schema  Dimension Tables:  Unique b-tree index on primary key column  Bitmap indexes on additional columns (optional)  Fact Tables:  Bitmap indexes on all dimension key (foreign key) columns  Bitmap join indexes on often used filter columns (optional)  Usually no primary key on fact tables 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 11
  • 12. Index Strategy on Star Schema 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 12
  • 13. Query Optimization on Star Schemas  Typical Queries:  Filter criteria on (multiple) dimension 2014 © Trivadis tables  Facts are selected by join with dimensions  Problem:  Tables with restrictions should be read first  Only two tables can be joined at a time  No relationships between dimension tables Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 13
  • 14. Star Transformation – Concept 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 14
  • 15. Star Transformation – Example What is the total revenue for product “Shorts” for all customers in Germany, grouped by male and female customers? 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 15
  • 16. Star Transformation – Example 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 16
  • 17. Bitmap Join Index – Concept  Bitmap index is defined on fact 2014 © Trivadis table  Indexed column is part of dimension table  Possible for star and snowflake schemas Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 17
  • 18. Bitmap Join Index – Example Same example with Bitmap Join Indexes 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 18 Demo
  • 19. Bitmap Indexes and ETL  Bitmap indexes are efficient for set-based ETL  Index maintenance is deferred until end of each DML operation  Efficient index maintenance for Parallel DML  Avoid “hand-made” parallel ETL with multiple sessions  Locking behavior of bitmap indexes  For large data loads: Rebuild indexes after ETL operation  Set all indexes to UNUSABLE  Load data into table  Rebuild all indexes 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 19
  • 20. Bitmap Indexes and Partitioning  Bitmap Indexes must always be LOCAL  Local indexes are recommended in Data Warehouse  Only purpose of global indexes in DWH: unique indexes without partition key   Restriction of local bitmap indexes is not a problem 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 20
  • 21. Bitmap Indexes and Compression  Bitmap Indexes are always compressed  Zeros are compressed, Ones are not compressed  Bitmap contains number of zeros to next 1 bit  Bitmap Indexes need less disk space than B-tree Indexes  Even for columns with high number of distinct keys  Detail description see «Bitmap Index Internals», © Julian Dyke  http://www.juliandyke.com/Presentations/BitmapIndexInternals.ppt 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 21
  • 22. Bitmap Indexes and Compression  Number of distinct keys has impact on size of index  Bitmap index is usually smaller than b-tree index  For high number of keys, size of bitmap index increases  Size of b-tree index is more or less constant  Sort order affects size of bitmap index, but not of b-tree index 2014 © Trivadis 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 22 Demo 0 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Bitmap (scattered) Bitmap (sorted) B-tree index
  • 23. Bitmap Indexes and Compression  Enabling table compression  When a table is enabled for compression, all bitmap indexes must be disabled  Reason: Hakan factor of table  Maximum number of rows that can be stored in a table block  Hakan factor changes when table is enabled for compression (only first time) 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 23 Demo
  • 24. Bitmap Indexes – Conclusion  Bitmap Indexes are a powerful Data Warehouse feature  Can be combined in ad hoc queries  Star Transformation  Useful for selective and non-selective columns  Bitmap Indexes are useful for large databases  Efficient for set-based ETL and Parallel DML  Local bitmap indexes on partitioned tables  Compression of bitmap indexes  There are almost no reasons to use b-tree indexes in a Data Warehouse  B-tree indexes are mainly used for Primary Key or Unique Key constraints 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 24
  • 25. References  Oracle® Database Data Warehousing Guide 11g Release 2 (11.2)  Oracle Corporation, http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/  Oracle® Database Concepts 11g Release 2 (11.2)  Oracle Corporation, http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/  Christian Antognini: Troubleshooting Oracle Performance  Apress, http://www.apress.com/9781590599174  Jonathan Lewis: Cost-Based Oracle Fundamentals  Apress, http://www.apress.com/9781590596364  Julian Dyke: Bitmap Index Internals  http://www.juliandyke.com/Presentations/BitmapIndexInternals.ppt 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 25
  • 26. THANK YOU. Trivadis AG Dani Schnider Europa-Strasse 5 CH-8152 Glattbrugg/Zürich Switzerland Tel. +41 44 808 70 20 Fax +41 44 808 70 21 info@trivadis.com www.trivadis.com BASEL BERN BRUGG LAUSANNE ZÜRICH DÜSSELDORF FRANKFURT A.M. FREIBURG I.BR. HAMBURG MÜNCHEN STUTTGART WIEN 2014 © Trivadis Data Warehouseing & Bitmap Indexes 02.10.2011 26