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Social Media week2
ARPANET, “Alternative” Networks, Counter Culture,
the Internet, and “Virtual Community”




            Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009
What You Need To Know About This Course

   week 1                                     Histories of the Internet

                                    week 2                  Histories of the Internet and World Wide Web

                                                                                                             week 3
   Social Media, Cyber Clustering, and Social Isolation

week 4                                                     Participation: Benefits, Numbers, and Quality

                                               week 5                        Quality. The Wisdom or Ineptitude of the Crowd



       The Web 2.0 Ideology
                                                                  week 7
week 6                                 Art and Social Media

                                                                                Spring Break
                                    week 8
           Political Net Activism

                                                                 week 9
                            What Does It Take To Participate?

                                                                          Why Participate?

                                                                                             week 10
             Got Ethics? Labor, Work, What?

          week 11                                                                                               week 14
                                     The Power of Users
                                                                     week 13                           Net Neutrality
                         week 12                                  Near Future Scenarios

                                                                                                      week 15
                                                                                             Presentations



                                         Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009
Week # 2  Social Media: Histories of the Internet
Requirements

You need to post your four research posts to the blog on our Ning site before class on the day at which the

post is due (Feb 16, March 2, March 23, and April 6). The expected length of each research post is 2000 words

(about 4 pages). The instructor will provide guidelines for these posts in class. You’ll need to hand in the final

paper as hard copy on May 6 (4000 words).      Lateness will be reflected in a lower final grade, half a letter for

each day late (i.e., a B+ paper late by one day will become B-, by two days C+ . . . etc.). Any papers more than

one week late will result in a failing grade. The presentation (15-20 minutes) will take place toward the end of

the semester.



    Four Research blog posts on Ning 35% (Feb 16, March 2, March 23, April 6)

    One presentation 15% (throughout semester)

    One final paper 25% (hand-in as hard copy) May 6

     In-class participation 25%




             Trebor Scholz | The New School University | Eugene Lang | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009
Histories of the Internet
                        week 2
                        Feb 2, 4

Required Readings:
Raymond Williams, “Technology and Society,” Television (London: Routledge, 1990), 2-25.


Allen, Christopher. quot;Life With Alacrity: Tracing the Evolution of Social Software.quot;
Life With Alacrity. 13 Oct 2004. 12 Jul 2007
<http://www.lifewithalacrity.com/2004/10/tracing_the_evo.html>.



Suggested Reading:
quot;History of the Internet.quot; the history of computing project. 19 Mar 2001. 17 Jul 2007
<http://www.thocp.net/reference/internet/internet1.htm>.


Kelly, Kevin. quot;Wired 13.08: We Are the Web.quot; Wired News .     1 Jan 2005. 26 Aug 2007
<http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/tech.html>.



Film Excerpts:
Excerpts from The Net (2003), Berkeley in the Sixties (1990), Commune (2005),
American Experience: The Summer of Love (2007), Media: Sputnik: Declassified (2007)




                             Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009
The Victorian Internet
                                                                    by Tom Standage (1989)




1746  200 monks Jean‐Antoine Nollet linked to electrical battery 

1797 optical telegraphy

telephone, radio, ...
Week # 2  Social Media: Histories of the Internet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braun_HF_1.jpg
Discussion:



       Required Readings:
       Raymond Williams, “Technology and Society,” Television (London: Routledge, 1990), 2-25.



       Your questions:




                               Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009
1945
quot;knowledge on callquot;

      hyperlinked pages and the “memex”




http://tinyurl.com/39mf8l

http://tinyurl.com/3b7h9v
Week # 2  Social Media: Histories of the Internet
In 1949 in his novel Heliopolis, the German Ernst Junger dreams up the communication medium 
quot;Phonophor,quot; which connects everybody to everybody else, enabling a permanent , technically facilitated 
forum that also replaces the passport, watch, newspaper, library, and encyclopedia.




                            http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger
                                         http://tinyurl.com/2s2zn5
[A]ctivation; authorship; community ‐‐ are the most frequently cited motivations for almost all artistic 
attempts to encourage participation in art since the 1960s.quot; according to art historian Claire Bishop.
Blog: http://blog.sfmoma.org/tag/art‐of‐participation/
Flickr set: http://www.lickr.com/photos/ari/sets/72157610572023159/
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Girl_listenin
1957
Excerpts from chapter 2, and 5  “Sputnik: Declassiied” (2007) 
http://www.netlix.com/Movie/Sputnik_Declassiied/70086393
http://www.lickr.com/photos/nezitic/311892760/sizes/o/
          Red Flag Over Reichstag 9th May 1945
The Advanced Research Projects Agency
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2QdEj8UjBc
1961
Leonard Kleinrock, MIT
quot;Information Flow in Large
Communication Netsquot;
(May 31 1961)


First paper on packet-switching




                                  http://tinyurl.com/23nbat
1962
Packet Switching, Paul Baran 1962 at RAND, US Airforce

All the nodes in the network would be equal in status to all
other nodes, each node with its own authority to originate,
pass, and receive messages. The messages themselves would
be divided into packets, each packet separately addressed.
Each packet would begin at some specified source node, and
end at some other specified destination node.




                                                   http://tinyurl.com/2ry3lo
“On Distributed Communication Networks,” March 1964
                 c) a network without central authority or single
                 outage point
Paul Baran


                                                          http://tinyurl.com/ywq8nk
1965
Ted Nelson coins the term quot;Hypertextquot; in quot;A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminatequot;. 20th National Conference, New York, Association for Computing Machinery
1965




Already in 1965, Fernando Corbato and his colleagues at
MIT developed a program to allow individual users to
swap messages on one single computer.
1967
Excerpts from: American Experience | Summer of Love | PBS
             www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/
People’s Park ‐‐ Excerpt from “Berkeley in the Sixties”
http://akas.imdb.de/media/rm1389337600/tt0099121
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQbEjPzfDmc&feature=PlayList&p=C97DC8509C17275A&index=2

                       Macy conferences 1946‐53, NYC video: 10 mins
Excerpts from: The Commune (2005)
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0439511/
1968
quot;In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine
than face to face...We believe that we are entering into a technological age, in which we
will be able to interact with the richness of living information -- not merely in the passive
way that we have become accustomed to using books and libraries, but as active
participants in an ongoing process, bringing something to it through our interaction with
it, and not simply receiving something from it by our connection to it. (53)quot;

                                         http://tinyurl.com/2c9uaf
Louis Pouzin designed and directed the development of
the Cyclades network in France, which then stopped in
1974.
                      http://tinyurl.com/22ykun
1969
In 1968, ARPA sent out a Request for
Quotation to build a network of
four Interface Message Processors.
BBN made it.
Dave Walden, Bernie Cosell, Severo Ornstein, Will Crowther, Bob Kahn


1969: Advanced Research Projects Agency
commissions ARPANET to conduct research
on networking.

First ARPANET nodes connected UCLA,
Stanford, UC Santa Barbara, and
University of Utah


                                                        http://tinyurl.com/yuw6ho
                                                        http://tinyurl.com/2pxazn
                                                        http://tinyurl.com/2ujdes
Norm Abramson wanted to surf - so he moved to Hawaii in
1969. He wanted to network with the other islands and so he
built the ALOHAnet in 1970.

From the University of Hawaii, Abramson connected
computers over a network of radio transmitters using a
protocol telling the computers how to share the airwaves.




                                                                http://tinyurl.com/yvvmdc



                    Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009
The Internet in 1969
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0pPfyYtiBc&e
http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php
1970
Week # 2  Social Media: Histories of the Internet
TCP/IP

 With TCP/IP, the quot;global networkquot; was
becoming a reality. Universities and
government offices were using the
network for communicating with
colleagues and exchanging data.




 1974: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish quot;A Protocol for Packet
 Network Interconnectionquot;, which specified in detail the design
 of a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
                          http://tinyurl.com/3c64vm
                          http://tinyurl.com/yvvmdc
Week # 2  Social Media: Histories of the Internet
Whose Standards? Proprietary or Open Standards?




Also the fax machine is only useful if many other people have it.
Later: If the Internet would have just connected supercomputers,
               it would have not been as significant.



                     Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009   http://tinyurl.com/yu7g2m
http://tinyurl.com/29vvar
PowWow

Throughout the 1970s Instant Messaging began to appear
•There was no single inventor of the Internet.

•ARPANET, Usenet, BITNET, and BBS

•DARPA was not solely a response to the fear
of a nuclear armageddon.
1971
http://tinyurl.com/34gyk2


1971: Ray Tomlinson of BBN creates email program to send
messages across a distributed network.

1972: Tomlinson expands program to ARPANET users, using
the quot;@quot; sign as part of the address.
Michael Hart

                            1971. Project Gutenberg is the first and largest
                            single collection of free electronic books, or
                            eBooks.



                            Project Gutenberg is the
                            quot;oldest digital library built on volunteer
                            efforts to digitize, archive, and distribute
                            cultural works.quot;

http://tinyurl.com/26zq8z




                            Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009
1977
http://tinyurl.com/35drka




http://tinyurl.com/2n5gvy

      1977 Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw created the first MUD
      (Multi-User Dungeon) leading later to MMORPG
1978
CBBS (first BBS)            January of 1978, Chicago was hit by
Ward Christensen            the Great Blizzard of 1978


Many people did not have the Internet. They dialed in to CBSS directly via modem.
Users had to take turns accessing the system, each hanging up when done to let
someone else have access. Nevertheless, the system was seen as very useful, and ran for
many years and inspired the creation of many other bulletin board systems.


                                                                      http://tinyurl.com/38zf8q
                                                                      http://tinyurl.com/3a8wru
ASCii art on BBS




                   http://tinyurl.com/yukqdk
1979
Emoticons

1979 Kevin MacKenzie e-mailed his
fellow subscribers at MsgGroup, an
early Internet bulletin board, with a

suggestion to put some emotion back
into the dry text medium of e-mail.
(The eyes came later.)
USENET established. USENET was a global, decentralized,
distributed Internet discussion system that provided mail
services and file transfers. Precursor of GoogleGroups and
other discussion boards.
                       http://tinyurl.com/2mdk3z
ARPANET
    http://echo.gmu.edu/usenet/images/usenet.gif

  http://www.sri.com/about/timeline/images/map.gi




Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009
1980s
What else did it take to make this WWW work?




        http://tinyurl.com/2km2n9



                                        This was the first IBM PC introduced on Aug 12, 1981




                                     Douglas Engelbart


         http://tinyurl.com/3c7suu
The Well members could start discussion boards:
                             Mid-80s
  the most popular one was dedicated to
       computer manufacturers push proprietary protocols,
  The Grateful Dead.
                           which failed

  US Government pushed for ISO but TCP/IP was free, more viral




In the 1980s the PCs entered homes and offices in the United States.
The Well members could start discussion boards:
 the most popular one was dedicated to
 The Grateful Dead.




1981 BITNET release
Ira Fuchs (CUNY) and Greydon Freeman (Yale)
Main features: email, LISTSERV

BITNET set expectations for free access and openness: it charged by
bandwidth. Once you paid for the line, how much you use it was up
to you. Others tried to establish a pay by byte system.

                                                          http://tinyurl.com/2vxbj
                                                         http://tinyurl.com/2cl3go
1985
Stewart Brand & Larry Brilliant
one of the first community bulletin board systems
The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (The Well)

Brand used a networked PC on his houseboat in Sasalito, CA, claiming that he did so in
order to experience commune living without actually moving into one.




                                                                        http://tinyurl.com/374e2g
Week # 2  Social Media: Histories of the Internet
1984
Francois Lyotard  and  Thierry Chaput’s exhibition   quot;Les Immateriaux”  at the  Centre Georges Pompidou in  Paris.  30 artists collaboratively respond to 50  terms related  the topic of  the  quot;immaterial.quot; 
Lyotard and Chaput pointed out that they were mainly interested in the way, in which this collaborative writing changed the experience of the act of writing itself. 


                                                                                     http://tinyurl.com/ynkmby




                                                                 Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009
Trebor Scholz
The New School University

scholzt@newschool.edu



Twitter: trebors
Blog: http://www.collectivate.net/journalisms




 This presentation is made public using the creative commons attribution, non-commercial, share alike license.

 This presentation is based on my previous courses on the topic including:
 http://www.slideshare.net/trebor/how-the-social-web-came-to-be-part1
Week # 2  Social Media: Histories of the Internet

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