Done for Modern English Grammar. Intense information; best project ever--so far, that is. Love you Renee!

1. CANADIAN ENGLISH ByreneenewloveThavirackOukdee Modern English grammar December 7TH, 2010

2. the history behind Canadian English 2 Settlement On Canadian Soil Spanned Across Two Centuries

4. Loyalists fleeing from the U.S. during the American Revolution

5. War of 1812 saw wave of immigrants from Britain & Ireland

6. Global immigration peaked during the 1910’s & the 1960’s

7. Lower Canadian French provided vocabularyfor Upper Canadian English3

8. Morphology |môrˈfäləjē| 4

10. Traditionally observed that Canadiansuse theBritish past participlegot & the American past tensedove

11. Canadians prefer the Americanraise than the British rise but reportedly use lend more frequentlythan loan

12. The “nonstandard” past tense sunk & past participledrank are common5

13. Past participles ENGLISH VARIATIONCANADIAN VARIATION Spelled Spelt Dreamed Dreamt Leaned Leant Kneeled Knelt 6

14. syntax |ˈsinˌtaks| 7

15. Word / phrase order Canadian English word order construction is borrowed from the French The Noun + Attributive order is common in Canadian English governmental written / spoken dialogue The Prepositionafter + Present Participle is used to indicate Present Perfect construction 8

17. Revenue Canada

18. Parks Canada

19. Such an inversion is clearly a calque on the French word order, enabling these titles to work in both French & English9

21. Pierre is afterlistening to the radio station for his prize.

22. We are aftertraining before the Olympic meet.

23. I never thought afterhiking I would spot a bear.10

25. Verbal Aspect: “At this moment, I wash the dishes,” versus “I am washing the dishes right now.”

26. Overuse of the Definite Article: “I like the beef and the red wine.”

27. Modal Auxiliary Verb: “I don’t find my keys,” versus “I can’t find my keys,” or “Do you want to wash the dishes,” versus “Will you wash the dishes.” 11

29. phonology |fəˈnäləjē / fō-| 13

31. But the phonology is still slightly distinctwith Canadian English

32. Distinction resultedin homophonous pairs

33. So-called mergers evident since the mid nineteenth century

34. Canadian “mergers” are dispersing into NAE

35. Unclear whether the vowel stressed is roundedor unrounded14

37. Don / Dawn

38. Hock / Hawk

39. Tot / Taught

40. Otto / Auto

41. Lager / Logger15

43. “Raising” results in contrastingvowel sounds

44. “Raisings” are attributed to early Scottish& British settlements

45. Are stereotypical / distinctive features of Canadians

46. “Raised” variants are found less commonamong women16

48. Bout / Bowed

49. Spouse / Espouse

50. Bite / Bide

51. Fife / Five

52. Site / Side

53. Tripe / Tribe17

54. distribution |ˌdistrəˈbyoōshən| 18

56. Cheque/ Check

57. Neighbour/ Neighbor

58. Labour/ Labor

59. Equalled/ Equaled

60. Traveller/ Traveler

62. Bilingualism: French English 21

64. Traffic Signs must be posted inboth languages

65. Service sectors must label “goods” in both languages22 EDUCATION Core French French Immersion Extended French

66. Regional variations With the exception of Quebec, Canadian English is primarily spoken in the rest of Canada Quebec is a French speaking state Quebec recognizes its own nationalistic identity Aligns itself more with the French language than the English language 23

67. Language Demographics |ˈlanggwij| |ˌdeməˈgrafiks| 24 Number of English + French / Other Speaking Quebecers (2001)

68. 25

69. Canadian Accents FTW! 26

71. “Canadian English.” Wikipedia. Accessed 26th November, 2010. Online: <http:// en.wikipedia.org/wikiCanadian_English#cite_ref-Labov_2-0>.

72. “Canadianisms.” CMU. Accessed 1st December, 2010. <http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~steffan/ canadianisms.html>.

73. “New Dialect Formation In Canada.” (2008). Dollinger, Stefan. Amsterdam: Benjamin, Print. Pp. 279.

74. “Quebec English.” Language Distribution. Accessed 3rd December, 2010 <http:// www.topeuros.com/quebecenglish/encyclopedia.html>.

75. “The Dialogue of Canadian English.” McArthur, T., ed. (2005). Concise Oxford Companion To The English language, pp. 96–102. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Print.27