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Scaling Informal Learning and Meaning Making at the Workplace
- 1. http://Learning-Layers-euhttp://Learning-Layers-eu Learning Layers Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters Scaling Informal Learning at the Workplace Tobias Ley, Institute of Informatics,Tallinn University Keynote give at the International Conference on Web-based Learning (ICWL 2014) 16 August 2014, Tallinn, Estonia
- 2. http://Learning-Layers-eu Scaling Learning? 2 Villemard, 1910: À l' École, Bibliotèque national de France http://expositions.bnf.fr/utopie/grand/3_95b1.htm
- 3. http://Learning-Layers-eu The Dilemma of Informal Learning at the Workplace How do people learn at the workplace? • Ask colleagues, search for help, try things out, learn from experience • Learning is informal, connected to work practices, multi-episodic, just- in time [Hart 2011, Kooken 2009] How do learning technologies look like? • follow traditional training models • based on direct classroom instruction and courses transfered to the screen [Kraiger 2008] highly effective individualized contextualized motivating does not scale not persistent few benefit expensive
- 4. http://Learning-Layers-eu Mechanisms for Scaling Informal Learning • Looking at Learning in Work Practices – [Eraut and Hirsch 2007, Maier 2009, Attwell 2003, Kooken et al. 2009, Collin 2006] • Unlock Peer Production – [Schmidt et al. 2009, Maier & Schmidt 2007] • Scaffolding for Meaningful Learning – [Ley et al. 2010, Lindstaedt et al. 2010, Siadaty et al. 2010, Pata, 2006] • Scale through Regional Clusters – [Deitmer and Attwell 2000]
- 5. http://Learning-Layers-eu SCENARIOS AND DESIGN- BASED RESEARCH Learning in Work Practices 5 Ley, T., Cook, J., Dennerlein, S., Kravcik, M., Kunzmann, C., Pata, K., Purma, J., Sandars, J., Santos, P., Schmidt, A., Al-Smadi, M., Trattner, C. (2014). Scaling informal learning at the workplace: a model and four designs from a large-scale design-based research effort. British Journal of Educational Technology, in press.
- 7. http://Learning-Layers-eu Straw Building How To X3-PVQX3-PJC X3-POZ PLC Equipment One possible Construction Scenario Explaining the use of a new construction technique and materials on site Making video material available on site through QR tagsUse of video recording and annotation Further questions on the use of the technique connected to site Material, questions and best practices collected and discussed Collection transformed into instructional material to enhance traditional training
- 9. http://Learning-Layers-eu One possible Healthcare Scenario Two practice staff visit a NHS training on a new guideline for dementia Staff collect materials from training and further research for their revalidation Other staff ask questions about the guideline Material and questions evolve into a local implementation plan for the practice Other regional practices and the CSU join the effort to learn about implementation problems and practices Implementation Plan Guideline X3-PVQX3-PJC X3-POZ Dementia
- 11. http://Learning-Layers-eu Contextual Inquiry & Design-based Research 11 http://learning-layers.eu/learning-layers-visits-doctors-and- construction-workers/
- 12. http://Learning-Layers-eu Contextual Inquiry & Design-based Research 12 http://learning-layers.eu/focus-groups-context/ context cards Personas user stories stories of contextual factors
- 13. http://Learning-Layers-eu Deployment & Sustainability Scaling in Regional Clusters Architecture & Integration Layer Integration through Common Infrastructure Workplace Learning Layer Integration through Workplace Learning Practices Scaling Informal Learning: Project Architecture 13 Interaction Layers: An Ecosystem of Tools Social Semantic Layer Integration through Shared Meaning Interacting with Physical Objects Interacting with People Interacting with Digital Materials Straw Building How To X3-PVQX3-PJC X3-POZ PLC Equipment
- 14. http://Learning-Layers-eu Deployment & Sustainability Scaling in Regional Clusters Architecture & Integration Layer Integration through Common Infrastructure Workplace Learning Layer Integration through Workplace Learning Practices Scaling Informal Learning: Project Architecture 14 Interaction Layers: An Ecosystem of Tools Social Semantic Layer Integration through Shared Meaning Interacting with Physical Objects Interacting with People Interacting with Digital Materials Straw Building How To X3-PVQX3-PJC X3-POZ PLC Equipment
- 15. http://Learning-Layers-eu AN ECOSYSTEM OF TOOLS TO SUPPORT INFORMAL LEARNING Scaling Informal Learning Interactions 15 Ley, T., Cook, J., Dennerlein, S., Kravcik, M., Kunzmann, C., Pata, K., Purma, J., Sandars, J., Santos, P., Schmidt, A., Al-Smadi, M., Trattner, C. (2014). Scaling informal learning at the workplace: a model and four designs from a large-scale design-based research effort. British Journal of Educational Technology, in press. Tomberg, V., Smadi, M., Treasure-Jones, T., & Ley, T. (2013). A Sensemaking Interface for Supporting Doctor’s Learning at the Workplace – A Paper Prototype Study. In M. Divitini, T. Ley, S. Lindstaedt, V. Pammer, & M. Prilla (Eds.), Proceedings of ECTEL meets ECSCW 2013, the Workshop on Collaborative Technologies for Working and Learning, Sept. 21, 2013, Cyprus (pp. 54–58). Aachen: CEUR Workahop Proceedings. Retrieved from http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1047/paper12.pdf
- 16. http://Learning-Layers-eu Two Examples 16 E-portfolio Bits and Pieces Boundary objects AchSo!
- 17. http://Learning-Layers-eu AchSo! Mobile Learning on the Construction Site 17 Video: http://vimeo.com/84383004 Software: http://developer.learning-layers.eu/tools/ach-so/
- 18. http://Learning-Layers-eu Bits and Pieces - Sensemaking about Learning Experiences 18 Software: http://developer.learning-layers.eu/tools/bits-and-pieces/ Running Demo
- 19. http://Learning-Layers-eu Deployment & Sustainability Scaling in Regional Clusters Architecture & Integration Layer Integration through Common Infrastructure Workplace Learning Layer Integration through Workplace Learning Practices Scaling Informal Learning: Project Architecture 19 Interaction Layers: An Ecosystem of Tools Social Semantic Layer Integration through Shared Meaning Interacting with Physical Objects Interacting with People Interacting with Digital Materials Straw Building How To X3-PVQX3-PJC X3-POZ PLC Equipment
- 20. http://Learning-Layers-eu SHARED MEANING IN ARTEFACT- MEDIATED COLLABORATION Scaling Meaning Making 20 Seitlinger, P., & Ley, T. (2014). Verbatim and semantic imitation in indexing resources on the Web: A fuzzy-trace account of social tagging. Applied Cognitive Psychology, in press. Seitlinger, P., & Ley, T. (2012). Implicit Imitation in Social Tagging: Familiarity and Semantic Reconstruction. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2012) (pp. 1631–1640). New York: ACM Press. Seitlinger, P., Kowald, D., Trattner, C., & Ley, T. (2013). Recommending Tags with a Model of Human Categorization. In Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM’13, Oct. 27–Nov. 1, 2013, San Francisco, CA, USA. (pp. 2381–2386). New York: ACM Press. doi:10.1145/2505515.2505625 Kump, B., Moskaliuk, J., Dennerlein, S., & Ley, T. (2013). Tracing knowledge co-evolution in a realistic course setting: A wiki-based field experiment. Computers & Education, 69, 60–70.
- 21. http://Learning-Layers-eu How shared meaning emerges in Artefact-Mediated collaboration • Networks of Meaning crystalize around a concrete thing (Verbeek, 2005) resulting in a Cognitive Ecosystem (Hutchins, 2010) • Shared Meaning is a result of social practices and negotiation (Wenger, 1998) • Semantic Stabilization happens over time as people describe things (Wagner et al., 2014) 21 ToiletHow To Lightning SolutionX3-PJC X3-POZ PLC Equipment
- 22. http://Learning-Layers-eu A Study using a collaborative bookmarking system • Students made use of a bookmarking system to – Collect and share bookmarks – Categorize and tag the bookmarks – Create a shared taxonomy of tags • Dynamic coupling leads to… – Alignment of interpretations – Alignment of tags (Fu et al., 2008, 2010, 2012) 22
- 23. http://Learning-Layers-eu Research Questions 1. Can we observe semantic stabilization in a small-scale collaborative setting? 2. Can we influence semantic stabilization? 3. Does semantic stabilization influence student learning? 23
- 24. http://Learning-Layers-eu SOBOLEO Environment 24 Tag taxonomy Tag/concept description Chat Tagging widget
- 25. http://Learning-Layers-eu Design: Independent Variables 25 Topic Duration Tag Specificity “basic level shift”
- 26. http://Learning-Layers-eu Design: Dependent Variables • Semantic stabilization: Entropy of tag distribution at each new tag assignment t • Tag usage frequency – general, medium and specific tags • Strength of memory representations of tags – Free association test using tags as open probes 26 Ht = H * (1 - e-bt)
- 27. http://Learning-Layers-eu Topic duration influences semantic stabilization ... ... but in an unexpected way! Ht is lower under the sd than ld condition (W = 8340.5, p < .001) Groups studying a shorter duration benfited from starting over from scratch after the topic switch
- 28. http://Learning-Layers-eu Semantic stabilization leads to the use of more specific tags Long duration Short duration Basic Level Shift: Increased use of medium and specific tags in both groups (X2(18) = 18.15, p < .05) Basic level shift is more pronounced under the sd than ld condition (X2(14) = 40.46, p < .001) basic level shift basic level shift
- 29. http://Learning-Layers-eu Semantic stabilization leads to stronger learning of specific tags Basic Level Shift in Both groups (F(2,21) = 28.4, p < .001) Basic level shift is more pronounced under the sd than ld condition (F(2,21) = 3.6, p < .05)
- 30. http://Learning-Layers-eu Discussion • Internal memory (association test) and external representations (use of tags) co-vary • Semantic Stabilization can be observed in small group settings • The quality of the shared representation (tag taxonomy) is more important than mere topic exposure • Social processes on the group level (semantic stabilization mediated by artefacts) have an influence on individual categorization and learning 30
- 31. http://Learning-Layers-eu Deployment & Sustainability Scaling in Regional Clusters Architecture & Integration Layer Integration through Common Infrastructure Workplace Learning Layer Integration through Workplace Learning Practices Scaling Informal Learning: Project Architecture 31 Interaction Layers: An Ecosystem of Tools Social Semantic Layer Integration through Shared Meaning Interacting with Physical Objects Interacting with People Interacting with Digital Materials Straw Building How To X3-PVQX3-PJC X3-POZ PLC Equipment
- 32. http://Learning-Layers-eu Who When Where What ... ... ... ... ... ... An Artefact Actor Network User Profile Resource Profile Topic Modeling Recommended Resource Each interaction increases the network ... ... and is tracked in the history Trust and Social Network Traces of the Network History Knowledge is built by people interacting with other people and artefacts New Information displayed to Support User Interactions Intelligent Services derive new information 1 2 3 4 5 Who When Where What ... ... ... ... ... ... Who When Where What ... ... ... ... ... ... Who When Where What ... ... ... ... ... ... Whom to ask? What to read and watch? Who are the experts? What do people talk about?What’s the quality?
- 33. http://Learning-Layers-eu A recommender that mimics human thinking • How do you describe this resource? • A mechanisms that guesses the words that you will use • Two step process: – First generate meaning – Then produce words 33 Dementia Guideline NHS Seitlinger, P., Kowald, D., Trattner, C., & Ley, T. (2013). Recommending Tags with a Model of Human Categorization. In Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM’13, Oct. 27–Nov. 1, 2013, San Francisco, CA, USA. (pp. 2381–2386). New York: ACM Press. doi:10.1145/2505515.2505625
- 34. http://Learning-Layers-eu Designing Technology to enhance the Cognitive Ecosystem • Designing technology that blends into work practices and supports informal learning is a major challenge • Emergence of meaning is heavily dependent on shared artefacts and practices • An ecosystem of tools can be integrated by technologies that learn about meaning in a social context 34
- 35. http://Learning-Layers-eu Project Consortium Basiskarte: digitale-europakarte.de Project Coordination Learning Technology Research Regional Application Clusters Scaling Partners Technology Partners Health Care – Leeds Construction & Building – Bremen
- 36. http://Learning-Layers-eu Learning Layers 36 Tobias Ley Tallinn University Institute of Informatics tley@tlu.ee skype tobias_ley http://tobiasley.wordpress.com Learning Layers Project ICT EU-FP7, 12mEUR, 2012-2016 Web: http://learning-layers.eu Software: http://github.com/learning-layers MERITS Project Austrian Science Fund, 2013-2014 http://meritsblog.wordpress.com