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Government as a
                          Platform
                            Tim O’Reilly

                          O’Reilly Media, Inc.
                             www.oreilly.com




                              July 3, 2009
                           Aspen Ideas Festival



Friday, July 3, 2009
We’re perhaps best known as a
                       computer book publisher

                                            covering topics
                                            from the frontiers
                                            of emerging
                                            technologies.




Friday, July 3, 2009
What We Really Do at O’Reilly

                       •Find interesting technologies and people
                        innovating from the edge
                       •Amplify their effectiveness by spreading the
                        information needed for others to follow
                        them.
                       •Books, Conferences, Online Publishing,
                        Investing, Research and Consulting




Friday, July 3, 2009
Watch the Alpha Geeks

                       • New technologies first exploited by enthusiasts,
                         then entrepreneurs, then platform players
                       • Two examples
                          – Wireless community networks
                            predict universal Wi-Fi
                          – Screen scraping predicts
                            web services and the internet
                            as platform




                                 Rob Flickenger and his potato chip can antenna

        4
Friday, July 3, 2009
"The future is here. It's just not
                        evenly distributed yet."


                                            --William Gibson




Friday, July 3, 2009
6
Friday, July 3, 2009
The "Killer Apps” of the New Millennium




        7
Friday, July 3, 2009
The network as platform

                       •Software delivered as an online service
                       •Driven by huge databases that literally get
                        better the more people use them
                       •“Harnessing collective intelligence”
                       •“Data is the Intel Inside”




        8
Friday, July 3, 2009
The smart phone plus local search.
                       Today pizza, tomorrow news?




Friday, July 3, 2009
Remember What I Said Earlier?

                                       Hackers are “lead users”
                                        who tell us where the
                                        future is going.

                                       Companies apply their
                                        insights in new contexts
                                        to build next-generation
                                        products.




      10
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
theyworkforyou.com




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
A vision of technology in government

                       "We need to connect citizens with each other to engage them
                       more fully and directly in solving the problems that face us.
                       We must use all available technologies and methods to open
                       up the federal government, creating a new level of
                       transparency to change the way business is conducted in
                       Washington and giving Americans the chance to participate in
                       government deliberations and decision-making in ways that
                       were not possible only a few years ago."
                        – From Barack Obama's campaign platform on technology




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
What might that entail?




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Gov 2.0


                       •Citizen contribution and collaboration
                       •Use of social media
                       •Transparency
                       •Rapid application development
                       •New methods of procurement
                       •Cloud computing




Friday, July 3, 2009
Gov 2.0


                       •Citizen contribution and collaboration
                       •Use of social media
                       •Transparency
                       •Rapid application development
                       •New methods of procurement
                       •Cloud computing

                       •Government as a platform




Friday, July 3, 2009
Our government has always been a
                       platform for collective action


                       “We must all hang together
                       or we will assuredly all
                       hang separately.”

                                  —Ben Franklin




Friday, July 3, 2009
Vending Machine Government




Friday, July 3, 2009
The consequence




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
mybarackobama.com is a
                       self-service organizing platform




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Can we build something similar for
                       the actual operations of government?




Friday, July 3, 2009
•Government to Citizen
                       •Citizen to Government
                       •Citizen to Citizen
                       •Government to Government




Friday, July 3, 2009
What Can We Learn from the Success
                       of Technology Platforms?




Friday, July 3, 2009
Some Lessons from Successful
                       Technology Platforms

                       1. Embrace open standards: they encourage
                        innovation and grow the market




Friday, July 3, 2009
The first IBM PC




Friday, July 3, 2009
IBM’s original forecast for the PC




Friday, July 3, 2009
IBM’s original forecast for the PC




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Now more than 80 million web sites




                       Source: Netcraft Web Server Survey: http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2009/05/27/may_2009_web_server_survey.html




Friday, July 3, 2009
Generative Systems

                                            “Generativity is a
                                            system’s capacity to
                                            produce
                                            unanticipated
                                            change through
                                            unfiltered
                                            contributions from
                                            broad and varied
                                            audiences.”




Friday, July 3, 2009
Some policy areas where open
                       standards apply
                       • open, portable electronic health records
                       • open government data enabling competition
                        by third parties to provide services




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
2. Build a simple system - let it evolve

                       “A complex system that works is invariably
                       found to have evolved from a simple system
                       that worked. The inverse proposition also
                       appears to be true: A complex system
                       designed from scratch never works and cannot
                       be made to work. You have to start over,
                       beginning with a working simple system.”

                                                      John Gall, in Systemantics:
                                       How Systems Really Work and How They Fail




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
“Hourglass”
                       Architecture
                                              any
              any                           device
             task
                                                       any
                                                    person

  the Internet’s
 not-so-secret
          sauce




         any                          CTSB, NRC, “The Internet’s
                                      Coming of Age” (2001)
     medium


Friday, July 3, 2009
Simple is one of the hardest things for
                       government to do




Friday, July 3, 2009
“We’re going to be publishing government data
                       and beginning with a default assumption that
                       information should be [available] to the
                       people... If you look at what happened when
                       data has been democratized, when data has
                       been put in the public domain, you’ve had an
                       explosion of innovation.”

                       -Vivek Kundra, new Federal CIO




Friday, July 3, 2009
I need your help

                       We need to find and promulgate a series of
                       simple interventions that will have large
                       downstream consequences, by opening up the
                       power of the market to solve the problems we
                       face as a nation and a world.

                       Complex problems paradoxically require
                       simple answers




Friday, July 3, 2009
3. Design for cooperation


                                      “The book is perhaps most valuable for
                                      its exposition of the Unix philosophy of
                                      small cooperating tools with
                                      standardized inputs and outputs, a
                                      philosophy that also shaped the end-to-
                                      end philosophy of the Internet. It is this
                                      philosophy, and the architecture based
                                      on it, that has allowed open source
                                      projects to be assembled into larger
                                      systems such as Linux, without explicit
                                      coordination between developers.”




Friday, July 3, 2009
Anatomy of a Linux System




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
No, my friend, the way to have good and safe
                       government is not to trust it all to one, but to
                       divide it among the many, distributing to
                       everyone the functions he is competent to.... It
                       is by dividing and subdividing these republics
                       from the great national one down through all
                       its subordinations, until it ends in the
                       administration of each man’s farm by himself.




Friday, July 3, 2009
The Internet Domain Name System




                        From DNS and Bind, by Cricket Liu, http://my.safaribooksonline.com/0596100574/dns5-CHP-2#snippet




Friday, July 3, 2009
How did DHS Virtual Alabama Get
                       Participation from Agencies w/o control?




Friday, July 3, 2009
4. Learn from your users, especially
                       ones who do what you don’t expect
                       •45% of all mashups are on Google Maps, only
                        4% on Microsoft Virtual Earth, 3% Yahoo!
                        Maps




Friday, July 3, 2009
housingmaps.com - the very first
                       Google maps mashup
                       •It was a “hack.” Google learned from it,
                        quickly, and turned it into a supported feature




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
If you’re really building a platform,
                       your customers and partners build
                       new features before you do




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
USAspending.gov




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
5. Lower the Barriers to Experimentation

                       Gene Kranz: Failure is not an option




                       But for most projects this is not the case!


Friday, July 3, 2009
“I didn’t fail ten thousand times. I successfully
                       eliminated, ten thousand times, materials and
                       combinations which wouldn’t work.”
                                                         Thomas Edison




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
6. Build a culture of measurement

                       •If it works, do more of it.
                       •If it doesn’t, stop doing it.
                       •Build systems that respond automatically to
                        user stimuli.




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
it.usaspending.gov




Friday, July 3, 2009
Measure Outcomes, Not Just Output

                       • Are we measuring the right things?




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Let’s assume that you purchase a
                       flashlight at Wal-Mart. The cash
                       register reads the bar code price tag
                       and reportedly within fourteen
                       seconds, the Wal-Mart central
                       warehouse is notified that the store
                       needs a new flashlight to replace the
                       purchased item.




Friday, July 3, 2009
7. Throw open the doors to partners




                                      More than 50,000 iPhone
                                      applications in less than a
                                      year!




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Preferred application partners

                       •Struggling to catch up in the application
                        marketplace




Friday, July 3, 2009
So why do governments still make
                       deals like these?
                       •No bid contracts
                       •Preferred providers
                       •Earmarks
                       •Sole source licensing
                        of government data to
                        single-source
                        providers




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Government as a platform means an
                       end to the design of many complete
                       “applications.” Instead the
                       government should provide
                       fundamental services on which we,
                       the people, (also known as “the
                       market) build the applications.




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Government is a vehicle for collective
                       action
                                  •Frank DiGiammarino,
                                   recovery.gov:

                                    –Convener first, problem solver
                                     second
                                    –Pull the right people together
                                    –Enable action through
                                     knowledge, resources and
                                     visibility




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009
The Digital Commonwealth




Friday, July 3, 2009
For more information

                       •http://radar.oreilly.com
                       •http://gov2summit.com
                       •http://twitter.com/timoreilly
                       •tim@oreilly.com

                       •http://www.slideshare.net/timoreilly




Friday, July 3, 2009
Friday, July 3, 2009

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Aspen ideas Festival Talk on Gov20

  • 1. Government as a Platform Tim O’Reilly O’Reilly Media, Inc. www.oreilly.com July 3, 2009 Aspen Ideas Festival Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 2. We’re perhaps best known as a computer book publisher covering topics from the frontiers of emerging technologies. Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 3. What We Really Do at O’Reilly •Find interesting technologies and people innovating from the edge •Amplify their effectiveness by spreading the information needed for others to follow them. •Books, Conferences, Online Publishing, Investing, Research and Consulting Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 4. Watch the Alpha Geeks • New technologies first exploited by enthusiasts, then entrepreneurs, then platform players • Two examples – Wireless community networks predict universal Wi-Fi – Screen scraping predicts web services and the internet as platform Rob Flickenger and his potato chip can antenna 4 Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 5. "The future is here. It's just not evenly distributed yet." --William Gibson Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 7. The "Killer Apps” of the New Millennium 7 Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 8. The network as platform •Software delivered as an online service •Driven by huge databases that literally get better the more people use them •“Harnessing collective intelligence” •“Data is the Intel Inside” 8 Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 9. The smart phone plus local search. Today pizza, tomorrow news? Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 10. Remember What I Said Earlier? Hackers are “lead users” who tell us where the future is going. Companies apply their insights in new contexts to build next-generation products. 10 Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 15. A vision of technology in government "We need to connect citizens with each other to engage them more fully and directly in solving the problems that face us. We must use all available technologies and methods to open up the federal government, creating a new level of transparency to change the way business is conducted in Washington and giving Americans the chance to participate in government deliberations and decision-making in ways that were not possible only a few years ago." – From Barack Obama's campaign platform on technology Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 18. What might that entail? Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 21. Gov 2.0 •Citizen contribution and collaboration •Use of social media •Transparency •Rapid application development •New methods of procurement •Cloud computing Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 22. Gov 2.0 •Citizen contribution and collaboration •Use of social media •Transparency •Rapid application development •New methods of procurement •Cloud computing •Government as a platform Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 23. Our government has always been a platform for collective action “We must all hang together or we will assuredly all hang separately.” —Ben Franklin Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 28. mybarackobama.com is a self-service organizing platform Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 30. Can we build something similar for the actual operations of government? Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 31. •Government to Citizen •Citizen to Government •Citizen to Citizen •Government to Government Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 32. What Can We Learn from the Success of Technology Platforms? Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 33. Some Lessons from Successful Technology Platforms 1. Embrace open standards: they encourage innovation and grow the market Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 34. The first IBM PC Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 35. IBM’s original forecast for the PC Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 36. IBM’s original forecast for the PC Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 38. Now more than 80 million web sites Source: Netcraft Web Server Survey: http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2009/05/27/may_2009_web_server_survey.html Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 39. Generative Systems “Generativity is a system’s capacity to produce unanticipated change through unfiltered contributions from broad and varied audiences.” Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 40. Some policy areas where open standards apply • open, portable electronic health records • open government data enabling competition by third parties to provide services Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 44. 2. Build a simple system - let it evolve “A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple system that worked. The inverse proposition also appears to be true: A complex system designed from scratch never works and cannot be made to work. You have to start over, beginning with a working simple system.” John Gall, in Systemantics: How Systems Really Work and How They Fail Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 46. “Hourglass” Architecture any any device task any person the Internet’s not-so-secret sauce any CTSB, NRC, “The Internet’s Coming of Age” (2001) medium Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 47. Simple is one of the hardest things for government to do Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 48. “We’re going to be publishing government data and beginning with a default assumption that information should be [available] to the people... If you look at what happened when data has been democratized, when data has been put in the public domain, you’ve had an explosion of innovation.” -Vivek Kundra, new Federal CIO Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 49. I need your help We need to find and promulgate a series of simple interventions that will have large downstream consequences, by opening up the power of the market to solve the problems we face as a nation and a world. Complex problems paradoxically require simple answers Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 50. 3. Design for cooperation “The book is perhaps most valuable for its exposition of the Unix philosophy of small cooperating tools with standardized inputs and outputs, a philosophy that also shaped the end-to- end philosophy of the Internet. It is this philosophy, and the architecture based on it, that has allowed open source projects to be assembled into larger systems such as Linux, without explicit coordination between developers.” Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 51. Anatomy of a Linux System Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 53. No, my friend, the way to have good and safe government is not to trust it all to one, but to divide it among the many, distributing to everyone the functions he is competent to.... It is by dividing and subdividing these republics from the great national one down through all its subordinations, until it ends in the administration of each man’s farm by himself. Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 54. The Internet Domain Name System From DNS and Bind, by Cricket Liu, http://my.safaribooksonline.com/0596100574/dns5-CHP-2#snippet Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 55. How did DHS Virtual Alabama Get Participation from Agencies w/o control? Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 56. 4. Learn from your users, especially ones who do what you don’t expect •45% of all mashups are on Google Maps, only 4% on Microsoft Virtual Earth, 3% Yahoo! Maps Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 57. housingmaps.com - the very first Google maps mashup •It was a “hack.” Google learned from it, quickly, and turned it into a supported feature Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 59. If you’re really building a platform, your customers and partners build new features before you do Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 63. 5. Lower the Barriers to Experimentation Gene Kranz: Failure is not an option But for most projects this is not the case! Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 64. “I didn’t fail ten thousand times. I successfully eliminated, ten thousand times, materials and combinations which wouldn’t work.” Thomas Edison Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 67. 6. Build a culture of measurement •If it works, do more of it. •If it doesn’t, stop doing it. •Build systems that respond automatically to user stimuli. Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 70. Measure Outcomes, Not Just Output • Are we measuring the right things? Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 73. Let’s assume that you purchase a flashlight at Wal-Mart. The cash register reads the bar code price tag and reportedly within fourteen seconds, the Wal-Mart central warehouse is notified that the store needs a new flashlight to replace the purchased item. Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 74. 7. Throw open the doors to partners More than 50,000 iPhone applications in less than a year! Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 76. Preferred application partners •Struggling to catch up in the application marketplace Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 77. So why do governments still make deals like these? •No bid contracts •Preferred providers •Earmarks •Sole source licensing of government data to single-source providers Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 84. Government as a platform means an end to the design of many complete “applications.” Instead the government should provide fundamental services on which we, the people, (also known as “the market) build the applications. Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 87. Government is a vehicle for collective action •Frank DiGiammarino, recovery.gov: –Convener first, problem solver second –Pull the right people together –Enable action through knowledge, resources and visibility Friday, July 3, 2009
  • 93. For more information •http://radar.oreilly.com •http://gov2summit.com •http://twitter.com/timoreilly •tim@oreilly.com •http://www.slideshare.net/timoreilly Friday, July 3, 2009