1. Adrenal, Pancreas, Pineal, Thymus,
Gonads, Placenta (pg 8)

2. Adrenal Glands
• Sit on top of the kidneys
• Separated into the cortex (outer region) and
the medulla (inner region)

3. Adrenal Cortex
1. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone): Regulate
blood volume and composition by conserving
sodium ions and eliminating potassium ions.

4. Adrenal Cortex
1. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone): Regulate
blood volume and composition by conserving
sodium ions and eliminating potassium ions.
2. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Hydrocortisone):
Increase glucose levels in the blood by
increasing protein and fat metabolism and
stimulating release of glucose from liver. Antiinflammatory.

5. Adrenal Cortex
1. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone): Regulate blood
volume and composition by conserving sodium
ions and eliminating potassium ions.
2. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Hydrocortisone):
Increase glucose levels in the blood by increasing
protein and fat metabolism and stimulating
release of glucose from liver. Anti-inflammatory.
3. Gonadocorticoids (Androgens and Estrogens):
Cause development of secondary sex
characteristics. Makes very small amounts
compared to that produced by gonads.

6. Drawing (pg 9)
• Draw Adrenal gland

7. Adrenal medulla
• Develops from neural tissue and is stimulated
by neurons

8. Adrenal medulla
• Develops from neural tissue and is stimulated
by neurons
• Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norepinephrine (noradrenaline): Cause fight
or flight response-increased heart rate, blood
pressure, and breathing rate, diverts blood
away from digestive organs and to skeletal
muscle

9. Pancreas
• Contains over 1 million pancreatic islets (islets
of Langerhans) that consist of endocrine cells

10. Pancreas
• Contains over 1 million pancreatic islets (islets
of Langerhans) that consist of endocrine cells
• The islets are surrounded by exocrine cells,
which produce digestive enzymes

11. Pancreas
• Contains over 1 million pancreatic islets (islets
of Langerhans) that consist of endocrine cells
• The islets are surrounded by exocrine cells,
which produce digestive enzymes
• Islets contain alpha and beta cells

12. Pancreas
• Contains over 1 million pancreatic islets (islets
of Langerhans) that consist of endocrine cells
• The islets are surrounded by exocrine cells,
which produce digestive enzymes
• Islets contain alpha and beta cells
• Alpha cells produce glucagon, which raises
blood sugar by stimulating the liver to break
down glycogen and release glucose into the
bloodstream

13. Pancreas
• Contains over 1 million pancreatic islets (islets of
Langerhans) that consist of endocrine cells
• The islets are surrounded by exocrine cells, which
produce digestive enzymes
• Islets contain alpha and beta cells
• Alpha cells produce glucagon, which raises blood
sugar by stimulating the liver to break down
glycogen and release glucose into the
bloodstream
• Beta cells produce insulin, which lowers blood
sugar by stimulating body cells to transport
glucose out of the blood and into the cells

14. Pineal Gland
• Tiny gland in the brain
• Produces melatonin, which causes sleepiness.
Melatonin production increases in response to
darkness.

15. Thymus
• Located behind the sternum
• Large in children, shrinks throughout
adulthood
• Produces thymosin, which is essential to
development of T-lymphocytes, a type of
white blood cell in the immune system

16. Gonads
• Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone,
which control the menstrual cycle and cause
development of secondary female sex
characteristics
• Testes produce testosterone, which causes
development of male secondary sex
characteristics

17. Placenta
• Site of exchange between mother and baby
during pregnancy

18. Placenta
• Site of exchange between mother and baby
during pregnancy
• Also produces hormones that maintain
pregnancy
1. Human chorionic gonadotropin: causes
uterine lining to not be shed. Used in
pregnancy tests

19. Placenta
• Site of exchange between mother and baby
during pregnancy
• Also produces hormones that maintain
pregnancy
1. Human chorionic gonadotropin: causes
uterine lining to not be shed. Used in
pregnancy tests
2. Human placental lactogen: prepares breasts
for lactation

20. Placenta
• Site of exchange between mother and baby
during pregnancy
• Also produces hormones that maintain
pregnancy
1. Human chorionic gonadotropin: causes uterine
lining to not be shed. Used in pregnancy tests
2. Human placental lactogen: prepares breasts for
lactation
3. Relaxin: causes pelvic ligaments to relax and
become more flexible