Air pollution presentation for BS course

1. Air pollution
&
Birds migration!

2. Presented by:
Zainab Amjad
Gullalai Huma

3. Birds
• Birds are reptile like animals
• An outer covering of feathers; two legs
that are covered with scales and are used
for walking or perching; and front limbs
modified into wings.
• The bones of skeleton are spongy, light
and contain spaces which are connected
with air sacs of lungs.

4. …..continued
• Breast bone or sternum is broad and
produced into a prominent ventral
keel.
• Tail feathers are used for steering
during flight.
• Most of the feature are adaptations
for flight and aerial mode of living.

5. Birds have comparatively large brain due
to which they show highly organized
behavior in the form of nest building,
courtship, parental care and migration.

6. Birds migration!
• Some of the birds are only present for some of
the time.
• Migration is the part of the animal’s life.
• Characterized by geographic movements.
• An adaptation that has been shaped by natural
selection.
• Bird migration is the regular seasonal
journey undertaken by many species of birds.
• Between 1500 and 4000 species of birds
migrate.

7. • All kinds of birds migrate, from large cranes, birds
of prey, to tiny hummingbirds.
• Even flightless birds migrate.
• Emus move from breeding sites in the rainy season
to more permanent water sources in the dry.
• Penguins migrate in the ocean.
• Auk babies migrate by swimming until they fledge
and can fly.
• Even birds that spend their entire non-breeding
time in flight, such as seagulls, also move around on
the ocean to follow seasonal food abundances.

8. Types of birds migration
Two types
• Long distance migration
• Short distance migration

9. Long distance migration
• Due to changing of seasons.
• The longest migration is undertaken by
the Arctic Tern.
• Breeds in the Arctic North in the
summer.
• Spend winter on the Antarctic ice pack.
• The shortest distance between the two
poles is 15,000km.

10. ….contd.
• Another example of long migrant birds
are Swallows, Northern breeding
ducks, Geese, swans.
• Migratory routes are learned by young
during first migration with their
parents.

12. Short distance migration
• Migration in response to harsh weather
condition or food scarcity or
unfavorable condition.
• Journey to the near areas.
• Wall creeper and white throated Dipper
move only altitudinal.
• Marlin and Skylark will move further to
the coast.

13. Factors responsible for Birds
Migration
• Harsh weather conditions
• Availability of food
• Unfavorable conditions
• Air pollution

14. Air pollution
• Introduction of chemicals, particulate
matter that can alter the natural
environment.
• Includes SOx , NOx , CO, CO2 , CFC’s ,
NH3.
• Badly effect all living organisms
including birds in following aspects;

15. • Global warming
• Bad air quality causes diseases
• Smog reduces visibility
• Acid rain
• Particulate matters

16. Global warming: causes climatic change,
extreme weather conditions, unpredictable
weather, disturbing the migratory
patterns of birds.
Bad air quality: causes respiratory diseases in
birds, causes death, badly effects the
birds population in dense areas.
smog: reduces visibility, causes irritation,
diverge the birds from their migratory
pathway.

17. Acid rain: acid rain effects the Arial life
in two ways.
• Through direct contact
• Through water contamination; a major
threat to water birds feeding on fishes
and aquatic organisms.
Particulate matters: also harm the birds,
make the conditions unfavorable for
them, also diverge them from their
migratory routes.

18. • A magnified picture
of particles present
in volcanic ash from
the eruption of a
volcano in Iceland on
20th
April 2010.
• Contains silica, glass,
pollen grains, and
gases like sulpher
dioxide.

19. • April is the peak month of spring
migration for millions of birds, so the
ongoing eruption of the Icelandic
volcano, Eyjafjallajökull, presents
hundreds of millions of birds with an
unusually challenging set of
circumstances as they fly to their
northerly breeding grounds.

20. • Because the vast majority of migratory
birds fly at altitudes of 7,000 meters or
less where the volcanic ash is drifting
around, there is no doubt that they also
are being exposed to the volcanic ash
cloud. Since birds are more sensitive
than humans to airborne toxins, there
should be little doubt that many birds
are being negatively impacted.
Additionally, there is anecdotal evidence
that wild migratory birds are suffering
and possibly dying due to the effects of
volcanic ash clouds.

21. What to do??
• Bird and bird migration are the important
parts of Biodiversity.
• We have to save them.
• we cant stop the natural phenomenon but we
can control the anthropogenic activities badly
affect the biodiversity.
• Growing forests
• Reduces use of fossil fuels.
• Reduces use of automobiles.
• Reduce excessive hunting.

22. Thanks for your attention!