Psychosocial Development
●Erik Erikson
●Believed that our personality and
social development was influenced
by our experiences with others.
●“Stages of Psychosocial
Development”
●Each stage centers on a social
conflict “ ______ vs. _____”
●Resolution on each level impacts
later development

Trust v. Mistrust
● Age: Birth – 1 (infant)
● Can a baby trust the world to fulfill its
needs?
● The trust or mistrust they develop can carry
on with the child for the rest of their lives.

Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
● Age: 1 – 2 (toddler)
● Toddlers begin to control their
bodies (toilet training).
● Control Temper Tantrums
● Big word is “NO”
● Can they learn control or will they
doubt themselves?
2nd Period

Initiative v. Guilt
● Age: 3 – 5 (Preschooler)
● “Favorite” word turns from “NO”
to “WHY?”
● Asking questions
● Is their curiosity encouraged or
scolded?

Industry (Competence) v. Inferiority
• Age: 6 - Puberty
• School begins.
• We are for the first time
evaluated by a formal
system and our peers.
• Do we feel good or bad
about our
accomplishments?
• Can lead to us feeling bad
about ourselves for the
rest of our lives…
inferiority complex.

Identity v. Role Confusion
• Age: Teens – 20’s
(Adolescence)
• In our teenage years we try
out different roles.
• Who am I?
• What group do I fit in
with?
• If I do not find myself I
may develop an identity
crisis.
3rd Period

Intimacy v. Isolation
● Age: 20’s – 40’s (Young Adults)
● Have to balance work and
relationships
● What are my priorities?

Generativity v. Stagnation
● Age: 40’s – 60’s
● Is everything going as
planned?
● Am I happy with what I
created?
● Mid –life crisis!!!
1st Period

Integrity v. Despair
● Age: 60’s - ???
● Look back on life
● Was my life meaningful or do I have
regret?

Megan, a third grader, is having trouble with math.
She is starting to do poorly in other subjects, because
she feels she cannot master math. Based on
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development,
which stage is Megan in?
a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
b. Initiative versus guilt
c. Competence versus inferiority
d. Identity versus role confusion
e. Intimacy versus isolation

Boez is a 2-year-old boy who is in the process of potty
training. When Boez urinates in the potty, he has a
sense of pride. If Boez urinates in his pants, he runs and
hides. According to Erikson, in which psychosocial stage
is Boez?
a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
b. Initiative versus guilt
c. Competence versus inferiority
d. Identity versus role confusion
e. Intimacy versus isolation

Module 49
Gender
Development
Sex: Biological status defined by
chromosomes and anatomy
Gender: Socially constructed roles and
characteristics by which a culture
defines “males” and “female”

Puberty
●the period of sexual maturation,
during which a person becomes
capable of reproducing

Primary Sexual Characteristics
●body structures that make reproduction
possible
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
●non-reproductive sexual characteristics

● Men
●No “Male Menospause”
●Gradual decreases in
fertility with age
●Gradual decreases in
testosterone
● Women
●Menopause
●Accompanies a
reduction of
production of
estrogen
●Marks the end of
fertility
●Around age 50
Adulthood & Sexual
Development

How do we learn to be male and female?
Gender Typing
• Gender identity: Our sense of being male
or female
• Gender typing: acquiring a traditional
masculine or feminine gender role
• Social learning theory: Assumes children
acquire gender identity through
– social observing and imitating
– Rewarding appropriate gender behavior and
punishing inappropriate gender behavior

How do we learn to be male and female?
Gender Typing
• Cognition influence: We develop “gender schema”
• Note: Gender identity is different than sexual orientation

Moral Development
3 Level (6 Stage) Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg

The Heinz Dilemna
Heinz's wife was near death, and her only hope was a drug that had
been discovered by a pharmacist who was selling it for an exorbitant
price. The drug cost $20,000 to make, and the pharmacist was
selling it for $200,000. Heinz could only raise $50,000 and
insurance wouldn't make up the difference. He offered what he had
to the pharmacist, and when his offer was rejected, Heinz said he
would pay the rest later. Still the pharmacist refused. In
desperation, Heinz considered stealing the drug.
Would it be wrong for him to do that?

Developing Morality:
Moral Reasoning
• Lawrence Kohlberg
–Preconventional morality
–Avoid punishment or gain reward
–He was shot because he was bad. It
was a punishment

Developing Morality:
Moral Reasoning
• Lawrence Kohlberg
–Conventional morality
– Obey laws and rules to maintain order and
social acceptance
• He was shot because he broke the law.
• If peers or society says it is wrong, then
it is wrong.

Developing Morality:
Moral Reasoning
• Lawrence Kohlberg
–Postconventional morality
• Based on self-defined ethical principles.
• People use their own personal set of ethics.

Levels or Stages or
Both?

Cognitive Development
Developing Morality:
Moral Reasoning

Gender Criticisms of Social/Moral
Development
● Carol Gilligan pointed out that some
developmental psychologists ideas may
only apply particularly to males
● Boys tend to focus on individuality,
etc.
● Girls are more likely to focus on
interaction with others & less on
competition.

Practice

空白演示
单击输入您的封面副标题