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Other Theories on
Motivation
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Intrinsic/Extrinsic
Motivation
Instinct Theory of Motivation
This theory founded in the late 1800s states that
patterns of behavior are genetically inherited, and
humans are motivated by the need to survive.
Because this motivation is genetically ingrained in
us, every human being (and living thing) shares this
same motivation for every action.
Animals (including humans) are
automatically born with knowledge
about how to survive, and that drives
their actions.
Instinct Theory of Motivation
This theory founded in the late 1800s states that
patterns of behavior are genetically inherited, and
humans are motivated by the need to survive.
Because this motivation is genetically ingrained in
us, every human being (and living thing) shares this
same motivation for every action.
Salmon swim upstream each year to
lay eggs.They don’t get motivated to
do this by watching other fish - they
are born with the motivation and the
knowledge needed to do this.
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Problem: Every salmon behaves
exactly the same, so it’s easy to use
the instinct theory to explain the
motivation of salmon; however,
there is variation in the ways
humans behave. If humans all decide
to do different things, it means they
must have different motivations.
Instinct theory can’t explain the
massive variety of human behaviors,
and it can’t explain when humans
act in ways that actually make
survival less likely.
Drive-Reduction Theory
This was the second major theory of motivation
developed in the 1930s. It states that everyone is striving
to reduce drives (this means that they try to reach a state
of internal stability, avoiding feelings of discomfort or
tension). If humans feel tension, they act in ways that help
remove the tension.
Feel hungry? That’s tension. ▶ You are motivated to eat food.
Feel cold? That’s tension. ▶ You are motivated to go inside.
Feel nervous? That’s tension. ▶ You are motivated to avoid the
thing that is making you nervous.
Drive-Reduction Theory
Problem: humans do things all the time that actually
increase tension and prevent stability. We eat when we’re
not hungry. We explore new places even though it makes
us feel nervous and uncomfortable. Clearly, drive-reduction
theory doesn’t explain all motivation.
Arousal Theory
This theory was based on drive-reduction theory, but instead
of trying to reduce tension, people are trying to reach a
balance between extremes (we want an optimal amount of
stimulation or arousal). For example, if we feel too lonely we
might go to a party with friends, but if we feel overstimulated
we then want to go home and watch TV alone.
Not Enough Optimal Too Much
Starving Full Bloated
Bored Some Excitement Constant Excitement
Lonely Some friend time Always with friends
Arousal Theory
People have slightly different optimal levels of arousal.
For some people, optimal level of excitement might be
going for a bike ride; for others, it might be a roller-coaster.
I’m bored
I’m bored
I am
motivated
to seek
stimulation!
This is the
amount of
stimulation I
need!
Arousal Theory
Remember, in Arousal theory, if we feel overstimulated
(anxious, afraid, overwhelmed, uncomfortable) - we are
motivated by the need to lower the level of stimulation.
Too much
stimulation!
I feel
uncomfortable
I am
motivated
to seek
relaxation
I am
motivated
to seek
relaxation
Too much
stimulation!
I feel
uncomfortable
Arousal Theory
We don’t want zero stress and we don’t want a stress overload -
because optimal human performance happens when we
experience a little bit of stress.
Arousal Theory
Problem: Arousal Theory
does a great job of
explaining why humans seek
out pleasurable activities, but
it’s hard to apply Arousal
Theory neatly to everything.
For example, how can I use
Arousal Theory to explain
my desire to sacrifice sleep
in order to have more work
time, willingly putting myself
under extreme stress?
Behavior that is driven by internal
rewards. In other words, the
motivation to engage in a behavior
arises from within the individual
because it is naturally rewarding.
Intrinsic motivation occurs when we
act without any obvious external
rewards. We simply enjoy an activity
or see it as an opportunity to
explore, learn, and actualize our
potentials.
Example: Reading because you enjoy it.
Behavior that is driven by external
rewards such as money, fame, grades,
and praise.This type of motivation
arises from outside the individual, as
opposed to intrinsic motivation,
which originates inside of the
individual. External rewards may be
tangible (like money), or not (like
praise).
Example: Reading because you want a
good grade on an assignment.
Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation
Problem:
This model has only two
categories that motivation can
fall into (unlike Maslow’s which
has five), and survival needs
don’t seems to be intrinsic or
extrinsic.
Challenge:
Look at Maslow’s Hierarchy
and try to decide which of his
needs are intrinsic, and which
are extrinsic.
Conclusion
Theories and models used to explain human
motivation aren’t very good: motivation is complex,
and maybe we can’t simplify it into a model.
Although Maslow’s Hierarchy has its problems, it
does a more thorough job of covering the massive
variety of things that motivate people than
previous models.

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Motivation

  • 2. Instinct Theory Drive-Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation
  • 3. Instinct Theory of Motivation This theory founded in the late 1800s states that patterns of behavior are genetically inherited, and humans are motivated by the need to survive. Because this motivation is genetically ingrained in us, every human being (and living thing) shares this same motivation for every action. Animals (including humans) are automatically born with knowledge about how to survive, and that drives their actions.
  • 4. Instinct Theory of Motivation This theory founded in the late 1800s states that patterns of behavior are genetically inherited, and humans are motivated by the need to survive. Because this motivation is genetically ingrained in us, every human being (and living thing) shares this same motivation for every action. Salmon swim upstream each year to lay eggs.They don’t get motivated to do this by watching other fish - they are born with the motivation and the knowledge needed to do this.
  • 5. Instinct Theory of Motivation Problem: Every salmon behaves exactly the same, so it’s easy to use the instinct theory to explain the motivation of salmon; however, there is variation in the ways humans behave. If humans all decide to do different things, it means they must have different motivations. Instinct theory can’t explain the massive variety of human behaviors, and it can’t explain when humans act in ways that actually make survival less likely.
  • 6. Drive-Reduction Theory This was the second major theory of motivation developed in the 1930s. It states that everyone is striving to reduce drives (this means that they try to reach a state of internal stability, avoiding feelings of discomfort or tension). If humans feel tension, they act in ways that help remove the tension. Feel hungry? That’s tension. ▶ You are motivated to eat food. Feel cold? That’s tension. ▶ You are motivated to go inside. Feel nervous? That’s tension. ▶ You are motivated to avoid the thing that is making you nervous.
  • 7. Drive-Reduction Theory Problem: humans do things all the time that actually increase tension and prevent stability. We eat when we’re not hungry. We explore new places even though it makes us feel nervous and uncomfortable. Clearly, drive-reduction theory doesn’t explain all motivation.
  • 8. Arousal Theory This theory was based on drive-reduction theory, but instead of trying to reduce tension, people are trying to reach a balance between extremes (we want an optimal amount of stimulation or arousal). For example, if we feel too lonely we might go to a party with friends, but if we feel overstimulated we then want to go home and watch TV alone. Not Enough Optimal Too Much Starving Full Bloated Bored Some Excitement Constant Excitement Lonely Some friend time Always with friends
  • 9. Arousal Theory People have slightly different optimal levels of arousal. For some people, optimal level of excitement might be going for a bike ride; for others, it might be a roller-coaster. I’m bored I’m bored I am motivated to seek stimulation! This is the amount of stimulation I need!
  • 10. Arousal Theory Remember, in Arousal theory, if we feel overstimulated (anxious, afraid, overwhelmed, uncomfortable) - we are motivated by the need to lower the level of stimulation. Too much stimulation! I feel uncomfortable I am motivated to seek relaxation I am motivated to seek relaxation Too much stimulation! I feel uncomfortable
  • 11. Arousal Theory We don’t want zero stress and we don’t want a stress overload - because optimal human performance happens when we experience a little bit of stress.
  • 12. Arousal Theory Problem: Arousal Theory does a great job of explaining why humans seek out pleasurable activities, but it’s hard to apply Arousal Theory neatly to everything. For example, how can I use Arousal Theory to explain my desire to sacrifice sleep in order to have more work time, willingly putting myself under extreme stress?
  • 13. Behavior that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the motivation to engage in a behavior arises from within the individual because it is naturally rewarding. Intrinsic motivation occurs when we act without any obvious external rewards. We simply enjoy an activity or see it as an opportunity to explore, learn, and actualize our potentials. Example: Reading because you enjoy it. Behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise.This type of motivation arises from outside the individual, as opposed to intrinsic motivation, which originates inside of the individual. External rewards may be tangible (like money), or not (like praise). Example: Reading because you want a good grade on an assignment. Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation
  • 14. Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation Problem: This model has only two categories that motivation can fall into (unlike Maslow’s which has five), and survival needs don’t seems to be intrinsic or extrinsic. Challenge: Look at Maslow’s Hierarchy and try to decide which of his needs are intrinsic, and which are extrinsic.
  • 15. Conclusion Theories and models used to explain human motivation aren’t very good: motivation is complex, and maybe we can’t simplify it into a model. Although Maslow’s Hierarchy has its problems, it does a more thorough job of covering the massive variety of things that motivate people than previous models.