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Uploaded byDr. Samia
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Zingiberaceae

The ginger family (Zingiberaceae) contains over 53 genera and 1300 species of aromatic herbs that grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Many species are used as spices due to their pungent and spicy tastes, including cardamom, turmeric, and ginger. Ginger and turmeric are two important medicinal plants from the family. Ginger contains gingerol which gives it pungency and is used to treat nausea, vomiting, and inflammation. Turmeric contains curcuminoids which provide its yellow color and is used as a carminative, anti-inflammatory, and to treat liver and digestive issues. Both plants show potential anti-cancer effects but their use in pregnancy requires further study due to possible

Health & Medicine◦
PHARMACOGNOSY
Presented to: Dr. Samia  Presented by : Anashra Latif 19002 Bazal Shahid 19008 Fajar Adil 19010 Fatima Zahid 19013 Maryam Ijaz 19022 bazal31031999@gmail.com
ZINGIBERACEAE: Zingiberaceae, also named as the ginger family, is the largest family of the order Zingiberales, it is divided into about 53 genera and made up of more than 1300 species.
Classification:  Kingdom Plantae – Plants  Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants  Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants  Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants  Class Liliopsida – Monocotyledons  Subclass Zingiberidae  Order Zingiberales  Family Zingiberaceae – Ginger family
Spices and condiments : Many species belong to the ginger family have been widely used as spices or flavoring agents, due to its aromatic odors, pungent and spicy taste.
Spices and condiments : SPICES AND CONDIMENTS: 1. Amomum cardamon (Cardamon) 2. Elettaria cardamomum (Elayachi) 3.Alpinia oficinarum 4. Curcuma longa 5. Zingiber officinale
Distribution:  These aromatic herbs grow in moist areas of the tropics and subtropics, including some regions that are seasonably dry.  Thet are especially abundant in Southeast Asia.
Habit : Members of the family are perennials that frequently have sympodial (forked) fleshy rhizomes (underground stems). They may grow to 6 metres (20 feet) in height. A few species are epiphytic— i.e., supported by other plants and having aerial roots exposed to the humid atmosphere.
Leaves:  The leaves are alternate and distichous, the base sheathing and the blade mostly linear to elliptic with penni-parallel, strongly ascending veins.
Flower:  Bracteate  Pedicellate or sessile  Bisexual  Zygomorphic rarely actinomorphic  Trimerous, epigynous,large brightly colored  Usually aromatic or fragrant  Perianth differentiated into calyx and Corolla
AndRoEcium:  Anther:  Basically 6 stamens in 2 whorls of 3 eachs  2 lateral stamens of outer whorl modify into staminodes  3rd anterior stamen of the this whorl is  usually highly suppressed .
Androecium: Stamen: Fertile stamen is 2 celled,usually epipetalous with its filament usually slender and deeply grooved
Gynoecium:  The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of 3 carpels, a single style nestled in a channel of the filament and anther of the fertile stamen and an inferior ovary with typically 3 locules, each containing numerous axile ovules. Rarely the ovary is unilocular with parietal placentation.
Fruits and seeds:
Floral formula and Floral daigram:
Crudedrugs: Following are the drugs that are related to this family :  Ginger  Curcuma
Ginger:  Vernacular Name: Adrak  Biological Source: Ginger consists of either the scraped or unscraped rhizomes of Zingiber officinale belonging to family Zingiberaceae.  Parts Used: Rhizome
Chemical Constituents:  Ginger contains about 0.25-3% of volatile oil, 5-8% resinous matter, 56% starch and protein. Volatile oil contains a mixture of more than 25 constituents containing monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The pungent taste of ginger is due to the presence of gingerol.
 The pungency of gingerol is destroyed by boiling in 2% solution of KOH. Zingerone, a pungent compound also occurs in the rhizome but possesses a sweet odor. Shogaol is a component of oil but is not present in fresh rhizomes, it is formed by dehydration of gingerol.
Uses : Ginger is used as condiment. Medicinally it is used as aromatic, carminative, flavourant, stimulant and stomachic. The oil of ginger is used as mouthwashes and beverages (as flavoring agent).
Uses:  Z.officinale is acrid, thermogenic, laxative,digestive, emollient, appetizer, stimulant,rubefacient, aphrodisiac, expectorant, anti-helmintic, carminative, anodyne, useful in anorexia and inflammations. Ginger root can relieve symptoms of motion sickness due to gingerols and shoagols.
Uses:  It is also useful in the treatment of following conditions: dropsy, otalgia, cephalagia, asthma, cough, colic, flatulance, anorexia, cholera, nausea, vomiting, thrombosis and elephantiasis.
AdverseeffectAndinteraction:  The findings that ginger is positive in E.coli bacteria test for mutagenesis raises concerns about its use in pregnant women. It is a potent inhibitor of thromboxxane synthetase, there is a possibility that ginger could increase the risk of bleeding or bruising if given concomitantly with anticoagulants or platelet-inhibiting drugs.
Curcuma longa:  Vernacular Name: Haldi  Biological Source: Turmeric consists of fresh,dried rhizomesof Curcuma longa, belonging to  Family Zingiberaceae  Parts used: rhizomes and tubers
Chemical Constituents:  Turmeric contains about 5% curcumanoids as a coloring matter. The Curcumanoid contains curcumine-l, curcumine-ll,curcumine-ll|. Turmeric contains about 5% volatile oil. Their volatile oil contains sesquiterpenes,alcohol and ketone and monoterpene example,zingiberone,turmerone, arturmerone, alcohol-p-tolylmethyl, carbenol, cineole, borneole, etc. It also contains arabinose, fructose, glucose and starch grains.
Uses:  It is used as stomachic, carminative,aromatic, antiperiodic, blood purifier and stimulant. It is also an anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipidemic, carminative and digestant and anti-fertility. It is also used in menstrual pain, liver diseases and to produce choleritic and chologogue action. Turmeric is used in curry powders, sauces and paper impregnated with its tincture is used for the borate and boric acid detection.
Uses:  It is employed as coloring agent for formulations like ointments and creams.  Ethanolic extract of curcuma longa shows anti- ulcerogenic property. Rhizome extract has anti- diabetic action. Curcuma is used in conjunctivitis.
Uses:  A recent study involving mice has shown that turmeric slows the spread of breast cancer in to lungs and other body parts.Turmeric also enhances the effect of taxol in reducing metastasis of breast cancer.
Uses:  The rhizome is well-known for its anti-gastric ulcer and cholagogic properties. It is prescribed in the therapy of gastric and duodenal ulcer, hepatitis, jaundice, pain in the extrimities, boils and impetigo.lt is also used as a poultice for wounds.
Toxicology: The clastogenic potential of Curcuma longa in experimental rats in invivo conditions has been evaluated. A single acute dose treatment 500mg/kg body weight could not significantly induce micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes but caused considerably higher chromosomal abberations.
Adversereactionsandinteractions:  Fetal effects are unknown, and use during pregnancy, other than as food spice, is probably best avoided. Prolonged use has been associated with gastrointestinal upsetband may increase the risk of peptic ulcer.Use in patients with biliary obstruction or gallstones is contraindicated. There is a potential for interaction with NSAIDs and platelet-inhibiting drugs because of its effect on prostaglandin synthesis.
Zingiberaceae