The document provides an overview of computers, defining their functions, characteristics, and classification. It describes how computers process data, their advantages like speed and accuracy, and mentions different types including analog, digital, and hybrid computers, as well as classifications based on size. It highlights various uses in fields such as banking and research, emphasizing the transformative impact of computers on human life.

1. PRESENTATION
BIGYAT POKHAREL

2. What is computer ?
 A COMPUTER AS ”COMP” OR ”PUTER” THE TERM "COMPUTER" WAS ORIGINALLY GIVEN TO
HUMANS (HUMAN COMPUTERS) WHO PERFORMED NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS USING
MECHANICAL CALCULATORS, SUCH AS THE ABACUS AND SLIDE RULE.
 COMPUTER IS AN PROGRAMMABLE MACHINE THAT ACCEPT INPUT, STORE AND
MANIPULATE DATA AND PROVIDE OUTPUT IN A USEFUL FORMAT.
 COMPUTER CONVERTS DATA INTO INFORMATION WITH THE HELP OF SET OF PROGRAMS.
 COMPUTER CAN ACCESS AND PROCESS DATA MILLIONS OF TIME FASTER THAN HUMAN
BEING.
 CAN DO A LOTS OF DIFFERENT TASK SUCH AS PLAYING GAMES, RAILWAYS ,WEATHER
FORECASTING ,ERROR DETECTION AND CONTROLLING THE FLIGHT OF SPACE AIRCRAFT ETC.
 FATHER OF A COMPUTER IS KNOW AS CHARLES BABBAGE.

5. How computer works ?
 Computer accept input data that are supplied by a person by using input
devices . Some of the examples of input device are key boar, mouse ,
joystick, light pen, scanner and many more.
 Computer store data temporary so that it is available for processing .
 Data is processed to generate information .data processing is the activity
of performing calculation on data or it is simply the rearrangement of data
.
 After the rearrangement of data it produce output in the form of
document ,music ,graphics ,Some of the output devices are monitor,
scanner, printer, speaker and many more.

6. FIG : WORKING OF COMPUTER
INPUT STORE OUTPUTPROCESS

7. CHARACTERSIST OF COMPUTER
INVETION OF MODERN COMPUTER HAS CHANGED HUMAN LIFE
DRANATICALLY DUE TO FOLLOWING REASON:
a) HIGH SPEED
b) ACCURACY
c) STORAGE CAPACITY
d) DILIGENCE
e) VERSATILITY
f) AUTOMATIC
g) RELIABILITY
h) NO I.Q
i) NO FEELING

8. HIGH SPEED
 COMPUTER IS VERY FAST DEVICE.
 IT HAS A UNIT OF SPEED IN MICROSECOUND ,NANOSECOUND AND
EVEN IN PICOSECOUND.
 IT CAN PERFORM MILLIONS OF CALCULATIONS IN A FEW SECOUND AS
COMPARED TO MAN .
 SPEED OF COMPUTER IS MEASURED IN MILLIONS INSTRUCTION PER
SECOUND .

9. ACCURACY
 THE ACCUARCY OF A COMPUTER IS CONSISTENTLY HIGH.
 COMPUTER PERFORMS ALL JOBS WITH 100% ACCURACY PROVIDED
THAT CORRECT INPUT HAS BEEN GIVEN.
 It gives false result only when wrong data is entered. The process is known
as GIGO (GARBAGE IN GARBAGE OUT).
 ACCURACY DEPEND UPON THE “DESIGN OF COMPUTER”.

10. STORAGE CAPACITY
 COMPUTER CAN STORE A LARGE AMOUNT OF DATA .DATA STORAGE
AREA IS CALLED MEMORY
 IT CAN STORE ANY TYPE OF DATA SUCH AS IMAGE , VIDEOS ,TEXT,AUDIO
AND MANY OTHER,
 THE STORAGE CAPACITY OF A COMPUTER IS MEASURED IN BYTE ,
KILOBYTE, MEGABITE, GIGABYTE, TERABYTE AND MANY MORE.
 MEMORY CA BE DIVIDED INTO PRIMARY AND SECOUNDARY MEMORY
 PRIMARY IS THE WORKING MEMORY IT IS CAPABLE OF SENDING AND
RECEVING DATA AT VERY HIGH SPEEED
 SECOUNDARY MEMORY IS THE LONG TERM MEMEORY BUT OPERATES
MORE SLOW BUT CAPABLE OF STORING LARGE AMOUNT OF DATA.

11. DILIGENCE
 FREE FROM MONOTONY (lack of interest)
 FREE FROM TIREDNESS.
 FREE FROM LACK OF CONCENTRATION.
 WORK CONTINUOSLY WITHOUT ANY ERROR AND BOREDOM.

12. VERSATILITY
 CAN PERFORM ALL KIND OF JOB SIMULTANEOUSLY.
 COMPUTER CAN SOLVE PROBLEMS RELATED TO VARIOUS FIELDS.
 CAN DO DIVERSE NATURE OF WORK LIKE CALCULATION, GRAPHICS,
SEARCHING ETC AT THE SAME TIME.

13. AUTOMATIC
 COMPUTER IS AN AUTOMATIC MACHINE .
 COMPLETE THE TASK WITHOUT HUMAN EFFORT .

14. Reliability
 A COMPUTER IS A RELIABLE MACHINE .
 IT CAN DO LOTS OF WORK WITHOUT AY MISTAKE AND TIREDNESS.
 COMPUTER ARE WIDELY USED EVERYWHERE BECAUSE OF THEIR
RELIABILITY .

15. NO I.Q
 NOT A THINKING MACHINE .
 NOT INTELLIGENT.
 NEVER DOES A TASK AS IT OWN.
 FOLLOW HUMAN INSTRUCTION.

16. NO FEELING
 HAVE NO EMOTIONS .
 NEVER DECIDE AT ITS OWN .
 HAVE NO FEELING.
 FOLLOW HUMAN INSTRUCTION.

17. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
ON THE BASIS WORKING PRINCIPLE WE CAN CATEGORIZE
INTO THREE TYPES --------
A. ANALOG COMPUTER
B. HYBRID COMPUTER
C. DIGITAL COMPUTER

18. ANALOG COMPUTER
 THESE COMPUTER WORK WITH NATURAL OR PHYSICAL VALUES.
 IT WORKS UPON CONTINIOUS DATA.
 ITS ACCURACY IS LOW .
 LESS STORAGE CAPACITY.
 OUTPUT IS CONTINUOUS.
 PRESLEY IS EXAMPLE OF IT
 WAVE FORM OF ANALOG COMPUTER
F
T

19. DIGITAL COMPUTER
 THESE COMPUTER WORKS WITH DIGITS.
 ITS ACCURACY IS HIGH.
 RESULT ARE OBTAINED AFTER COMPLETE COMPUTATION.
 LARGE STORAGE CAPACITY.
 HIGHER COST COMPARED TO ANALOG COMPUTER.
 DESKTOP IS EXAMPLE OF DIGITAL COMPUTER.
 WAVE FORM OF DIGITAL COMPUTER IS
F T
0 1 0 1

20. HYBRID COMPUTER
 COMBINATION OF BOTH ANALOG AS WELL AS DIGITAL COMPUTER.
 CAN PROCESS BOTH CONTINIOUS AND DIGITAL DATA.
 THESE COMPUTER NORMALLY HAVE HIGH COST .
 THESE ARE COMPUTER USED IN HOSPITAL,AIRPLANES ,MILITARY ETC.
 LARGER STORAGE THAN DIGITAL AND ANALOG COMPUTER.

21. On the basis of size
Computer are classified On the basis of size they are ------
A. Mini computer
B. Micro computer
C. Mainframe computer
D. Super computer

22. Mini computer
 SMALLER IN SIZE AND LOW IN COST AS COMPARED TO OTHERS.
 THEY ARE MIDRANGE COMPUTERS.
 THE CAPABILITES OF MINI COMPUTER IS BETWEEN MAINFRAME
COMPUTER AND MICRO COMPUTER .
 THIS COMPUTER IS USEFUL FOR BUSINESS,ORGANIZATION,
INDUSTRIES,BANKS ETC .
 PRIME 9755 , VAX 7500 ,CDC-1700 ARE THE EXAMPLES.

23. MICRO COMPUTER
 BASED ON THE MICROPROCESSOR .
 THEY REQUIRE SMALL SPACE .
 IT IS SMALL IN SIZE DIGITAL COMPUTER
 LOW COST
 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT ON A SINGLE CHIP.
 LAPTOP ,NOTEBOOK , PAMTOP AND PDA ARE THE SMALLEST IN THIS
CATEGORY .
 USED FOR GENERAL PURPOSE .
 EXAMPLE ARE IBM PC , APPPLE ,HP ,LENOVO ,SONY ETC.

24. MAINFRAME COMPUTER
 POWERFUL THAN MINI AND MICRO COMPUTER.
 IT REQUIRE LARGE SPACE (100 S.Q FT.)
 PRICE IS HIGH THAN MINI AND MICRO COMPUTER.
 HADEL LARGE AMOUT OF DATA AT THE SINGLE TIME .
 SUITABLE FOR BANK, INSURANCE COMPANY,AIRLIANC,RESERCH CENTER
ETC.
 IBM 1401,ICI 2950 ,ICL 90 , IBM 1401 ETC ARE THE EXAMPLES .

25. SUPER COMPUTER
 MOST POWERFUL AND FASTEST COMPUTER.
 CAN HANDEL LARGE OF DATA AT THE SINGLE TIME.
 IT CAN PERFORM BILLIONS OF INSTRUCTION PER SEC
 MOST EXPENSIVE COMPUTER (15-20 MILLION DOLLAR)
 USED FOR WEATHER CASTING, AIRCRAFT , MILITARY
,WEAPONARY,SCIENTIFIC ,RESERCH,ETC.
 REQUIRES LARGE SPACE AND TEMPERATURE CONTROLLING ROOM.
 HP ,IBM CRAY DESIGN THE SUPER COMPUTER.
 NEC-500 , PARAM, ANURAG, CRAY X-MP/24 ,VP-2600/10 ARE THE
EXAMPLES.

26. Thank you Google , Bing ,
Yandex , YouTube and
Wikipedia

27. THE END