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Vikash credit seminar final for education of student .pptx

El seminario presentado por Shubham Chouhan sobre la agricultura de conservación destaca su importancia en el futuro de la agricultura, enfatizando prácticas como la mínima perturbación del suelo, cultivos de cobertura y rotación de cultivos para mejorar la salud del suelo y la sostenibilidad. Se enfatizan los beneficios económicos, agronómicos y ambientales de estas prácticas, que incluyen la reducción de la erosión del suelo y una mayor eficiencia en el uso de recursos. La agricultura de conservación se está adoptando cada vez más en India, aunque su implementación entre los agricultores de pequeña escala sigue siendo limitada.

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Department of Agronomy Presented to:- Dr. Nisha Singh (Seminar In-Charge) (Dept. of Agronomy) Presented by :- Shubham Chouhan Roll no. 22112903 Ph.D. (Agriculture) Agronomy Doctoral Seminar-I On Future of farming : Conservation agriculture practices and benefits
 Abstract  Introduction  What is conservation agriculture  History of Conservation Agriculture  Conservation agriculture in India  Principles of conservation agriculture  Case Study  Conclusions  References
● The future of farming is increasingly leaning towards conservation agriculture practices. These methods focus on minimal soil disturbance, cover cropping, and crop rotation to enhance soil health and sustainability. Benefits include improved water retention, reduced erosion, and enhanced biodiversity, contributing to long- term agricultural productivity and environmental preservation. Conservation agriculture (CA) represents a sustainable and eco- friendly approach to farming that aims to optimize productivity while minimizing negative environmental impacts. ● The key practices of CA include- minimal Soil Disturbance, improve soil structure, cover cropping reducing erosion and promoting overall soil health. Rotating crops on a field helps break pest and disease cycles, improves soil fertility, and reduces the need for synthetic inputs. It enhances biodiversity and overall ecosystem resilience.
 In India, The area under CA-based systems is around 2 million ha. (FAO 2021)  CA is promoted in only a few crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and maize-based cropping systems in India. It is also used in cotton, mustard, pea, soybean, pigeon pea, castor, groundnut, pulses, vegetables, cowpea, onion, bean, green gram/black gram, jute, chickpea- sesame, barley, and sorghum.  The practice tends to be adopted more by large-scale than small-scale farmers, as machinery is more suitable for larger plots and is also more accessible to larger farmers. Though the government gives subsidies for CA equipment on a custom-hiring basis, smallholder farmers are not utilizing it to its full potential (Tek Sapkota, CIMMYT, personal communications).
What is Conservation agriculture According to FAO “Conservation Agriculture is a farming system that promotes minimum soil disturbance (i.e. no tillage), maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of plant species. It enhances biodiversity and natural biological processes above and below the ground surface, which contribute to increased water and nutrient use efficiency and to improved and sustained crop production.”
 Conservation agriculture took off in India in 1994 when the Rice-Wheat Consortium was established in the Indo- Gangetic Plain (IGP) as an eco -regional initiative by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).  In the 1990, scientists proposed practicing no-tillage instead of burning wheat stubble, which was a common practice among farmers after harvest. However, the penetration of CA among farmers remained poor initially.  Efforts to promote the practice gained momentum with the launch of the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) in 2009.  CSISA has promoted CA within its project innovation hubs in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. History of Conservation Agriculture
Conservation Agriculture in India Conservation Agriculture (CA) is clustered in a few parts of the country but is mostly concentrated in the rice-wheat dominant IGP, especially Punjab and Haryana. According to consultations with stakeholders, CA is also practiced in rice-wheat cropping systems in the Eastern-Gangetic Plains (Bihar, West Bengal, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Odisha) as well as some parts of Southern India with the insignificant area. The practice has not taken hold in rainfed, semi-arid tropics, arid and mountainous agro-ecosystems.
Principles of Conservation Agriculture Source :
 Minimum mechanical soil disturbance through direct seeding deals with farming systems in which seeds and fertilizer are put directly into undisturbed soil in a single field operation or two separate operations of fertilizing and seeding.  Only narrow strips or slots of soil are opened by the equipment openers used to place fertilizer and seed in the soil. Ideally the seed slot is completely covered by mulch or green manure crops again after seeding, and no loose soil should be visible on the surface.  Zero tillage (ZT) or minimum tillage is very important agronomic practice which follows such criteria of minimum mechanical soil disturbance. 1. Minimum mechanical soil disturbance
• It maintains various physical properties of soil such as soil structure, aggregation, aggregate stability, and porosity. • It eases the permeability of water and good aeration to the roots. • It addresses soil physical degradation problems by reducing subsurface compaction. • It provides niche of diverse microbial populations. Advantages-
2. Permanent soil cover  Keeping the soil cover is a fundamental principle of conservation agriculture.  Permanent soil cover is defined as having year- round cover either in the form of crop residues mulch, which is naturally decomposed by microbes in the soil, or cover crops (green gram, black gram etc.), which are grown during fallow periods, between harvest and planting of crops.  Soil cover should ideally be 100% measured immediately after planting operation. Ground cover of less than 30% is not regarded as a conservation agriculture practice (Friedrich et al. 2009).
 It increases humus formation.  It reduces the direct impacts of raindrops which causes soil crusting and splash erosion.  It provides better penetration, development of roots, and seedling growth.  It reduces global warming by sequestering carbon into the soil.  Plant residue act as a barrier against strong winds and moderate temperatures.  Improves water infiltration and decreases surface evaporation from sunlight. Advantages of crop residue mulch
Advantages of cover crop  Protect the soil during fallow periods.  Providing an additional source of organic matter to improve soil structure.  Recycle nutrients (especially P2О5 and K2О) and mobilize them in the soil profile in order to make them more readily available to the following crops. • It improve the soil structure and break compacted layers and hard pans.  Permit a rotation in a monoculture.  It can be used to control weeds and pests.
3. Crop species diversification  Crop diversification is the practices of cultivating more than one variety of crops belonging to the same or different species in a given area in the form of rotations and/or intercropping.  Crop rotation allows the land to regenerate and rejuvenate its own nutrients without having to apply more nutrients through the use of fertilizers. Addition of legume or pulse crops in crop rotation increase nitrogen in the soil as they contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots that fix nitrogen naturally into the soil.
Advantages-  Crop diversification is perceived as one of the most ecologically feasible, cost effective, and rational way of reducing uncertainties in agriculture especially among smallholder farmers.  It improves soil fertility, controls for pests and diseases, and brings about yield stability, nutrition diversity, and health.  Greater distribution of channels or bio-pores created by diverse roots (various forms, sizes and depths).
 Better distribution of water and nutrients through the soil profile.  It enhances biological nitrogen fixation through certain plant–soil biota symbionts and improves balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from both organic and mineral sources.  It Reduces allelopathic effect of harmful plants.  Increases humus formation. Advantages-
2. Permanent Soil Cover 3. Crop Diversification 1. Minimum Mechanical Soil Disturbances
Benefits of Conservation Agriculture (CA) In the case of conservation agriculture these benefits can be grouped as: 1. Economic benefits that improve production efficiency. a. Time saving and thus reduction in labour requirement. Reduction of costs, e.g. fuel, machinery operating costs and maintenance, as well as a reduced labour cost. b. Higher efficiency in the sense of more output for a lower input. c. The positive impact of conservation agriculture on the distribution of labour during the production cycle.
2. Agronomic benefits that improve soil productivity. a. Adopting conservation agriculture leads to improvement of soil productivity. b. In-soil water conservation. c. Improvement of soil structure, and thus rooting zone. d. The constant addition of crop residues leads to an increase in the organic matter content of the soil. e. Organic matter plays an important role in the soil: fertilizer use efficiency, water holding capacity, soil aggregation, rooting environment and nutrient retention, all depend on organic matter.
3. Environmental benefits that protect the soil and make agriculture more sustainable a. Reduction in soil erosion. b. Improvement of water quality. c. Improvement of air quality. d. Biodiversity increase. e. Carbon sequestration.
Case Study
Effect of crop establishment methods on yield and economics of wheat (pooled data of two years) Treatment Grain yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha) Net returns (x103 /ha) B:C ratio Crop establishment methods Conventional tillage 3.23 4.30 31.96 1.15 Zero-tillage without residue 3.13 3.80 29.99 1.36 Zero-tillage with residue 3.86 4.80 36.18 1.86 Zero-tillage with residue burning 3.43 4.32 35.84 1.74 LSD (p=0.05) 0.21 0.55 - - Sources : Kumar et al. (2018)
Resource conservation through direct seeded rice Parameters DSR TPR Resources saving in DSR Seeding rate (kg/ha) 34.5 60.7 43% Water consumption (m3 /ha) 8130 12500 35% Fuel use (mm) 57 79.4 28% Labour time (h/ha) 432 646 33% Total fertilizer (kg/ha) 428 609 30% Yield (t/ha) 4.21 6.59 10% Net income (Rs./ha) 79100 48200 48% Source : Kuchanur et al. (2018)
Conclusions  Conservation agriculture is a farming practice that aims to improve soil health while reducing environmental impact. By minimizing tillage, using cover crops, and rotating crops, conservation agriculture prevents soil erosion and improve soil structure, which in turn lead to healthier and more productive crops.  In addition to benefiting farmers, conservation agriculture can also play a key role in promoting agricultural sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and preserving natural resources. Furthermore, the use of conservation agriculture can help farmers adapt to climate change by increasing soil resilience and improving water retention.
 Overall, conservation agriculture is a promising approach to farming that can benefit both farmers and the environment.  Conservation agriculture practices offer a holistic and sustainable approach to farming, addressing environmental concerns while promoting long- term productivity and resilience in the face of climate change.
References Friedrich, T., Kassam, A.H. and Shaxson, F. (2009). Conservation Agriculture. In: Agriculture for Developing Countries. Science and Technology Options Assessment(STOA) Project. Karlsruhe, Germany: EuropeanTechnology Assessment Group FAO. (2001). Conservation Agriculture Case Studies in Latin America and Africa. Introduction. FAO Soils Bulletin No. 78. Rome FAO. FAO. (2005). Drought-resistant soils: Optimization of soil moisture for sustainable plant production. In Proc Electronic Conference Organized by the FAO Land and Water Development Division. FAO Land and Water Bulletin Vol. 11. Rome FAO. FAO. (2022). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012. Available online at http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/6c.html. Gathala, M. K., Ladha, J. K., Kumar, V., Saharawat, Y. S., Kumar, V., Sharma, P. K., Sharma, S., & Pathak, H. (2011a). Tillage and Crop Establishment Affects Sustainability of South Asian Rice-Wheat System. Agronomy Journal, 103, 961-672. Gathala, M. K., Ladha, J. K., Saharawat, Y. S., Kumar, V., Kumar, V., Sharma, P. K. (2011b). Effect of Tillage and Crop Establishment Methods on Physical Properties of a Medium-Textured Soil under a Seven-Year Rice – Wheat Rotation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75, 1851-1862. Ghosh, P. K., Das, A., Saha, R., Kharkrang, E., Tripathy, A. K., Munda, G. C., & Ngachan, S.V. (2010). Conservation agriculture towards achieving food security in north east India. Current Science, 99(7), 915- 921.
Vikash credit seminar final for education of student .pptx