The document proposes a study of the urban heat island effect in Singapore. It discusses what an urban heat island is, noting temperatures can be 11°C higher in cities than surrounding rural areas. Causes include heat-absorbing materials in cities and lack of vegetation. Effects are increased energy use for cooling, impacts on health, precipitation patterns, and air quality. The proposed study would test different roofing materials and arrangements of plants to evaluate their effects on reducing ambient temperature in cities. This could help lower energy use and emissions that contribute to global warming and pollution.

1. PANASONIC PROJECT PROPOSAL THE STUDY OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN SINGAPORE WU FANG LING (3A) LUONG MONG AI NHI (3A) NGUYEN THI THAI MY (3M)

2. WHAT IS URBAN HEAT ISLAND? A metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas. The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day and larger in winter than in summer, and is most apparent when winds are weak. The air in an urban heat island can be as much as 11°C higher than rural areas surrounding the city.

3. URBAN HEAT ISLAND (UHI) _ varies based on city’s structure _ Parks, greenbelts reduce the temperature _ CBD, downtown areas, residential areas are areas of warmer temperature

4. Causes Use of heat-absorbing materials (e.g stone, metal, concrete and asphalt) for building of roads, sidewalks, parking lots and rooftops in cities. Stone-like cities only slowly loose heat at night Concrete & asphalt increases runoff, which decreases the evaporation rate. From vehicles, industrial activity & air conditioning. Lack of vegetation and soil moisture. Geometric effects: tall buildings – blocking of winds & canyon effects (surfaces for absorption of sunlight) Pollution changes the radioactive properties of the atmosphere.

5. Effects Direct influence the health and welfare of urban residents. Requires more energy for cooling purposes => increases emissions and electric consumption Increases precipitation in cities and areas downwind of cities. Enhances photochemical reactions, which increases the particles in the air and thus contributes to the formation of smog and clouds. Culprit for global warming. Affects rain pattern in summertime.

6. Objectives Study the effects of different roofing materials on the ambient temperature reduction. Study the effects of different arrangements and types of plants on the ambient temperature reduction. To reduce the ambient temperature =>reduce electricity used for cooling => save natural resources To reduce emission of greenhouse gases => reduce pollution. To lower reaction rates => less smog and clouds.

7. Methodology Find out the most reflective roofing materials from three kinds: coating, roof membranes and metal roofs based on scientific research. Compare them by doing experiments: Make models Cover the models’ roofs with different kinds of materials Use fluorescent lights like sunlight Collect data twice a day. (daytime – nighttime) Compare and make conclusion.

8. Vegetation Do research at different places in Singapore with different kinds of plants, different structures, etc… What kind of plants? How the plants is arranged?

9. THANK YOU 