Unit 7- Organ Function Test(Biochemical parameters.

Unit 7- Organ Function Test(Biochemical parameters.

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  Unit 7- OrganFunction Test(Biochemical parameters and normal values) Akanksha N. Kotangale B.Sc. Nursing
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  Definition:- • Organ FunctionTests are a group of biochemical tests used to assess how well a specific organ (such as the kidney, liver, or thyroid) is functioning by measuring certain enzymes, hormones, and metabolic products in blood, urine, or other body fluids. • Organ function tests help doctors and lab technicians to check whether an organ is working properly or not by analyzing chemical substances produced or removed by that organ. • Example: 1. Renal function tests → check kidney performance (urea, creatinine) 2. Liver function tests → check liver health (bilirubin, ALT, AST) 3. Thyroid function tests → check thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4, TSH)
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  1. Renal functiontests:- 🔹 Definition:- Renal Function Tests are a group of biochemical tests performed to evaluate the function and efficiency of kidneys, especially their ability to filter waste products, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and regulate acid-base balance. • Purpose / Importance:- a)To assess kidney function in health and disease. b)To detect renal impairment (acute or chronic kidney disease). c)To monitor kidney function in patients on medications or after renal transplant. d)To help in diagnosis and prognosis of renal disorders.
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  🔹 Main BiochemicalParameters:- Test Normal Value Clinical Significance / Interpretation 1. Blood Urea 15–40 mg/dL ↑ Increased in renal failure, dehydration, high protein diet; ↓ Decreased in liver disease. 2. Serum Creatinine 0.6–1.2 mg/dL ↑ Increased in kidney disease, muscle injury; reliable indicator of GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate). 3. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 7–20 mg/dL ↑ Increased in renal impairment or dehydration. 4. Uric Acid 3.5–7.0 mg/dL ↑ Increased in gout, renal failure, leukemia. 5. Creatinine Clearance Test 90–140 mL/min ↓ Decreased in renal damage, indicates reduced GFR. 6. Urinalysis — Detects albumin, sugar, casts, pus cells, RBCs indicating renal pathology.
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  🔹 Interpretation ofResults:- Condition Findings Normal Kidney Function Normal urea, creatinine, urinalysis. Renal Failure ↑ Urea, ↑ Creatinine, ↓ Creatinine Clearance, Abnormal urine findings. Prerenal Causes (e.g., dehydration, shock) ↑ Urea more than Creatinine (High BUN/Creatinine ratio). Postrenal Causes (e.g., obstruction) Both Urea and Creatinine increased proportionally.
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  2. Liver FunctionTests (LFT):- 🔹 Definition:- Liver Function Tests (LFTs) are a group of biochemical tests that help to assess the functional capacity of the liver — its ability to metabolize, synthesize proteins, detoxify substances, and excrete waste products like bilirubin. 🔹 Purpose / Importance:- -To detect and evaluate liver diseases such as hepatitis, jaundice, and cirrhosis. -To differentiate types of jaundice (hemolytic, hepatocellular, obstructive). -To monitor the progress and treatment of liver disorders. -To assess liver function before surgery or drug therapy.
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  🔹 Main BiochemicalParameters:- Test Normal Value Clinical Significance / Interpretation 1. Serum Bilirubin (Total) 0.2–1.0 mg/dL ↑ Increased in all types of jaundice. 2. Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin 0.0–0.3 mg/dL ↑ Obstructive jaundice. 3. Indirect (Unconjugated) Bilirubin 0.1–0.7 mg/dL ↑ Hemolytic jaundice. 4. Serum Total Protein 6.0–8.0 g/dL ↓ Decreased in chronic liver disease, malnutrition. 5. Serum Albumin 3.5–5.0 g/dL ↓ Decreased in liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome. 6. Globulin 2.5–3.5 g/dL ↑ Increased in liver cirrhosis, chronic infections. 7. A/G Ratio 1.2–1.5 : 1 ↓ In chronic liver disease (albumin falls). 8. SGPT (ALT – Alanine Transaminase) 7–56 U/L ↑ High in hepatitis and liver cell injury. 9. SGOT (AST – Aspartate Transaminase) 8–48 U/L ↑ High in hepatitis and myocardial infarction. 10. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30–120 U/L ↑ Increased in obstructive jaundice, bone diseases. 11. Prothrombin Time (PT) 11–16 sec ↑ Prolonged in severe liver damage (due to ↓ synthesis of clotting factors).
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  🔹 Interpretation ofLFT Results:- Type of Jaundice / Condition Typical LFT Pattern Hemolytic Jaundice ↑ Indirect bilirubin; enzymes normal. Hepatocellular Jaundice ↑ Direct & indirect bilirubin; ↑ SGOT, ↑ SGPT. Obstructive Jaundice ↑ Direct bilirubin; ↑ ALP; mild ↑ SGOT/SGPT. Cirrhosis / Chronic Liver Disease ↓ Albumin, ↓ A/G ratio, ↑ Globulin, ↑ PT.
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  3. Thyroid functiontests:- 🔹 Definition:- Thyroid Function Tests are a group of biochemical tests used to evaluate the functioning of the thyroid gland by measuring the levels of thyroid hormones (T₃ and T₄) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood. 🔹 Purpose / Importance:- -To detect thyroid gland disorders such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. -To monitor thyroid hormone therapy. -To assess pituitary–thyroid axis function. -To help diagnose goiter, infertility, and metabolic disorders.
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  🔹 Main BiochemicalParameters:- Test Normal Value Clinical Significance / Interpretation 1. Total T₃ (Triiodothyronine) 80–200 ng/dL ↑ Increased in hyperthyroidism, ↓ Decreased in hypothyroidism. 2. Total T₄ (Thyroxine) 5–12 µg/dL ↑ Increased in hyperthyroidism, ↓ in hypothyroidism. 3. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) 0.4–4.0 mIU/L ↑ Increased in hypothyroidism, ↓ in hyperthyroidism. 4. Free T₃ (FT₃) 2.3–4.2 pg/mL More specific for thyroid activity. 5. Free T₄ (FT₄) 0.8–1.8 ng/dL Indicates actual hormone availability. 6. Thyroid Antibodies (Anti-TPO, Anti-Tg) Normally absent or low ↑ Increased in autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto’s or Graves’ disease.
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  • Interpretation ofResults:- Condition T₃ / T₄ TSH Remarks Normal (Euthyroid) Normal Normal Normal thyroid function Hypothyroidism ↓ Decreased ↑ Increased Underactive thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis) ↑ Increased ↓ Decreased Overactive thyroid gland Secondary Hypothyroidism (Pituitary problem) ↓ Decreased ↓ Decreased Pituitary fails to produce TSH
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