Unit 4-Principles of gardening and landscaping.pptx

Unit 4-Principles of gardening and landscaping.pptx

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  Principles of gardeningand landscaping: Principles of gardening, garden components, adornments, lawn making, methods of designing rockery and water garden, landscaping, basic principles and basic components Prepared by Umesh Timilsina Assistant Professor AFU
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  Table 1. Elementsof Landscape Gardening S.N. Elements Definition Examples/Applications 1 Line The visual path that directs eye movement and creates form and structure in the landscape. Straight pathways, curved walkways, hedges, fences, flower borders. 2 Form (Shape) The three-dimensional shape or outline of plants and landscape features. Round shrubs, pyramidal conifers, columnar trees, spreading canopies. 3 Texture The visual and tactile appearance of plant foliage or landscape materials. Fine-textured-ferns, coarse-banana leaves, medium-textured-hibiscus. 4 Color The hue of flowers, foliage, bark, fruits, and hardscape materials that creates visual appeal. Warm colors (red, orange, yellow); cool colors (blue, green, purple). 5 Scale The size relationship between landscape components and surrounding spaces. Large shade trees in parks; dwarf shrubs in small gardens. 6 Space The area occupied by landscape elements and the open areas between them. Lawns, courtyards, patios, open recreational spaces. 7 Pattern The repetition or arrangement of plants and features to create visual continuity. Repeated planting beds, rhythmic avenue plantations, geometric designs. 8 Light Natural or artificial illumination affecting appearance and plant growth. Garden lighting, sun-loving and shade-loving plant placement.
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  Patios
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  Courtyards
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  Table 2. Principlesof Landscape Gardening S.N. Principle Definition Example 1 Unity (Harmony) All landscape components should work together to create a cohesive and pleasing appearance. Similar plant themes throughout the garden. 2 Balance Equal distribution of visual weight in a landscape. It may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Equal tree placement on both sides of a pathway (symmetrical); unequal but visually balanced plant groups (asymmetrical). 3 Proportion Proper size relationship among plants, structures, and open spaces. Small shrubs around a residence; tall trees in large parks. 4 Rhythm Repetition of landscape elements to guide movement and create continuity. Repeated rows of palms or flowering shrubs along roadsides. 5 Emphasis (Focalization) Creating a focal point that attracts attention. Fountain, sculpture, specimen tree, gazebo, or colorful flower bed. 6 Simplicity Avoiding excessive complexity by limiting unnecessary features. Using a few compatible plant species rather than many unrelated ones. 7 Sequence (Transition) Gradual change in size, color, texture, or form to create smooth visual movement. Progression from groundcovers to shrubs and then trees. 8 Contrast (Variety) Introducing diversity while maintaining harmony and unity
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  Core Landscape Elements •Color: Sets moods using plants, flowers, and hardscapes. • Line: Directs eye movement and pathways. • Form: Defines plant shapes and architectural structures. • Texture: Adds tactile depth with coarse, medium, or fine surfaces. • Scale: Measures the relative size of objects in a space. Core Landscape Principles • Unity: Brings all features together into a cohesive theme. • Balance: Creates visual weight equilibrium (symmetrical or asymmetrical). • Proportion: Relates the size of individual parts to the whole area. • Rhythm: Guides the eye smoothly via the repetition of elements. • Emphasis: Establishes striking focal points to grab attention
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  Line and Rhythm •The Connection: Designers repeat lines to guide your movement. • The Result: A curved stone walkway (line) repeated alongside curved garden beds creates a flowing, musical pace (rhythm). Form and Balance • The Connection: The shapes of objects dictate how heavy they look. • The Result: Placing two identical conical evergreen trees (form) on both sides of a front door creates symmetrical weight (balance). Texture and Scale • The Connection: Physical surface textures change how large a space feels. • The Result: Coarse, large-leaved tropical plants (texture) make a tiny courtyard feel much smaller, completely altering the room's proportions (scale). Color and Emphasis • The Connection: Bright hues automatically draw human eyes. • The Result: Surrounding a dark green lawn with a single patch of fiery red tulips (color) immediately creates a powerful focal point (emphasis).
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  Principles of Gardening •The following principles should be considered while designing any garden. 1. Rhythm • Rhythm is created by repeating: Plant species Colors Shapes Textures • This repetition guides visitors through the landscape.
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  2. Balance • Balanceis the equal distribution of visual weight within a landscape. Types of Balance A. Symmetrical Balance (Formal) • Both sides are mirror images. Characteristics: Equal size Equal shape Formal appearance Suitable for: Government buildings Universities Temples Hotels Example: Tree Fountain Tree Shrub Lawn Shrub
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  B. Asymmetrical Balance(Informal) • Different objects create equal visual attraction. Example: • One large tree may balance a group of three smaller trees. Advantages: Natural appearance More flexible Suitable for residential gardens
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  3. Accent orEmphasis (Focal Point) • Every garden should contain one or more focal points. Examples: Fountain Sculpture Flower bed Specimen tree Gazebo Large palm Purpose: Attract attention Create interest
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  4. Contrast: • Thisprinciple is most useful in emphasizing the best features of an object. • It can be very easily understood by following contrast colour theory. • Different colors, textures, and forms increase interest. • However, excessive contrast reduces unity.
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  5. Simplicity • Simpledesigns are more attractive than overcrowded gardens. Avoid: Too many species Excessive colors Unnecessary structures Benefits: Easy maintenance Lower cost Better visual appeal
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  6. Proportion • Alllandscape elements should be in proper proportion. Examples: • Tree size should match the building. • Lawn size should fit the available area. • Flower beds should not dominate small gardens.
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  7. Scale • Scalerefers to the relationship between the size of plants, structures, and people. Example: • Small gardens require: • Small trees • Dwarf shrubs • Compact lawns • Large parks require: • Tall trees • Wide lawns • Large water features
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  8. Unity (Harmony) •Unity means that all garden elements appear as one complete composition. • It is achieved through: Similar plant materials Uniform color schemes Repetition of design elements Consistent architectural style Importance • Creates harmony. • Prevents confusion. • Makes the landscape visually pleasing.
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  9. Repetition • Repeatingplants and design elements strengthens unity. Example: • Palm → Palm → Palm → Palm or • Rose → Rose → Rose
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  10. Sequence (Transition) •Landscape elements should change gradually. Example: Tall trees ↓ Medium shrubs ↓ Ground covers ↓ Lawn • This creates a smooth visual transition.
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  Basic Principles ofLandscaping • Landscape planning should consider: Site conditions Climate Soil type Existing vegetation Building architecture User requirements Maintenance cost Future expansion Sustainability
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  Components of aGarden • Garden components are divided into two categories. A. Softscape Components • These are living components. 1. Trees Functions: Shade Avenue planting Windbreak Specimen planting Examples: Ashoka Gulmohar Jacaranda 2. Shrubs Functions: Hedges Borders Foundation planting Examples: Hibiscus Duranta Ixora 3. Lawn Functions: Recreation Beautification Cooling effect 4. Flower Beds Purpose: Seasonal color Decorative effect
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  Lawn Shrubbery
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  Topiary Edges
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  Hedges
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  4. Climbers Examples: Bougainvillea Allamanda Rangoon creeper 5.Ground Covers Examples: Wedelia Alternanthera Liriope 6. Palms Examples: Areca palm Foxtail palm Royal palm 7. Water Plants Examples: Lotus Water lily
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  Ground covers
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  B. Hardscape Components •Hardscape includes non-living structures. Examples: Roads Walkways/Pathways Pergolas Gazebos Bridges Benches Boundary walls Fountains Lighting Rockeries Ponds Fences
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  Roads Walkways/Pathways Walkways or pathways
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  Benches Gazebo
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  Ponds Fences
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  Fountains Lights
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  Statues
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  Bridges
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  Rockeries
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  Garden Adornments • Gardenadornments are decorative structures placed in gardens to improve beauty and utility. Importance Increase aesthetic appeal Create focal points Improve functionality Enhance visitor experience
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  Common Garden Adornments 1.Fountain Provides: Cooling Sound effect Visual attraction 2. Sculpture Made from: Stone Marble Metal Wood • Used as focal points.
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  3. Bird Bath Purpose: Attractbirds Increase biodiversity 4. Garden Seats • Provide resting places. Materials: Wood Stone Concrete Metal
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  5. Pergola • Anopen framework supporting climbing plants. Common climbers: Bougainvillea Wisteria Allamanda 6. Gazebo • A free-standing garden pavilion. Uses: Sitting area Resting place Outdoor meetings
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  7. Arch • Placedat entrances or pathways. Common climbers: • Rose • Bougainvillea • Jasmine 8. Lighting Enhances: • Night beauty • Security • Safety
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  Rock Garden (Rockery) Definition •A rock garden is a landscape feature where rocks are combined with suitable ornamental plants to imitate natural rocky habitats. • Objectives Beautification Utilization of uneven land Display alpine plants Improve drainage Reduce maintenance
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  Suitable Plants Sedum Agave Aloe Opuntia Echeveria Portulaca Yucca Sedum Agave Opuntia Echeveria PortulacaYucca
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  Steps in Designinga Rock Garden Site Selection Choose: Sloping land Sunny location Rock Arrangement Use: Natural stones Different sizes Half-buried rocks Irregular arrangement Avoid symmetrical placement.
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  • Soil Preparation Use: Sandyloam Good drainage Organic manure • Planting Place taller plants at the back and dwarf plants in front. • Maintenance Remove weeds. Irrigate moderately. Replace damaged plants. Prune regularly.
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  Water Garden Definition • Awater garden is a garden designed around ponds, pools, streams, or fountains containing aquatic and semi-aquatic plants. Importance • Improves beauty • Creates cooling effect • Attracts birds • Supports biodiversity • Enhances relaxation
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  Components Pond Fountain Waterfall Bridge Aquatic plants Marginal plants Lighting
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  • Aquatic Plants 1.Floating Plants Water hyacinth Duckweed Duckweed Water Hyacinth
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  2. Rooted FloatingPlants Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Water lily (Nymphaea spp.) Water lily Lotus
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  3. Marginal Plants Canna Cyperus Iris Canna Cyperus Iris
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  4. Oxygenating Plants Vallisneria Hydrilla Vallisneria Hydrilla
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  Design Principles Select asunny location. Ensure proper water circulation. Use waterproof lining. Incorporate rocks and aquatic plants. Maintain water quality.
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  Summary • Successful gardeningand landscaping depend on applying design principles such as unity, balance, rhythm, proportion, scale, emphasis, sequence, and simplicity. • A garden consists of softscape (living) and hardscape (non-living) components. • Garden adornments such as fountains, pergolas, gazebos, sculptures, and lighting enhance aesthetic and functional value. • Rock gardens simulate natural rocky environments and are suitable for slopes and drought-tolerant plants. • Water gardens incorporate ponds and aquatic plants to improve biodiversity and visual appeal. • Good landscape design integrates functionality, beauty, sustainability, and ease of maintenance.
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  References • Bose, T.K., Maiti, R. G., Dhua, R. S., & Das, P. (2003). Floriculture and Landscaping. Naya Udyog. • Booth, N. K. (1983). Basic Elements of Landscape Architectural Design. Waveland Press. • Chadha, K. L. (Ed.). (2001). Handbook of Horticulture. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). • Bhattacharjee, S. K. (2012). Advances in Ornamental Horticulture (Vols. 1–6). Pointer Publishers. • Arora, J. S. (2012). Introductory Ornamental Horticulture. Kalyani Publishers.
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  Questions Short Questions • Definelandscaping. • What is unity in landscape design? • Differentiate between symmetrical and asymmetrical balance. • List the softscape and hardscape components of a garden. • What is a lawn? Mention four common lawn grasses grown in Nepal. • Define a rock garden and a water garden. • Name five common garden adornments. Long Questions • Explain the principles and elements of gardening and landscaping with suitable examples. • Describe the major components of a garden and discuss their functions. • Explain the methods of lawn establishment and maintenance. • Discuss the planning, design, and maintenance of a rock garden. • Describe the components, design principles, and importance of a water garden.