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Unit 4. Preparation and maintenance of lawn.pptx

Preparation and maintenance of lawn

Education◦
Preparation and maintenance of Lawn
Introduction:  Lawn- It is simply define as a natural green carpet and consider as carpeted floor of outdoor garden.  Also called as a resting place.  Lawn emphasis as: Integral part of landscape design. Useful for active and passive recreation Used for refreshment purpose when tired.
 Lawn is also known as the “heart of the garden”.  It is the center piece around which all the garden elements are kept in subordinate order.  Carpet of grass of about 5cm thickness is termed as turf, which is another name of lawn.  Lawn is also known as pitch, field or green depending upon the plantation and usage.  No garden is complete without a lawn.
Lawn and its preparation  Selection of site is important for the preparation of lawn.  The most important thing that one should consider while selecting a site is grass does not grow under shade, so a site should receive full sunshine.  The best orientation will be Southern site and next best is the southeast and southwest side of the building.  Soil moisture holding capacity and drainage are also the important points that should be
Soil: In Nepal, the common lawn grass is Cynodon dactylon (Duboo) which is very hardy and can be grown in any type of soil. However for luxuriant lawn fertile loamy soil conataing enough humus is needed. The pH range being 5.5 to 6.0. One reason for a poor quality lawn is the insufficient depth of soil. So at least a depth of 25-30 cm of is required for obtaining a good lawn.
Drainage:  The land should be high with gentle slope to ensure proper drainage  After selecting site, we have to ensure proper drainage.  Grasses are shallow rooted herbs and therefore water stagnation is not preferred in rooting zone
Character of Lawn grass: 1. It should look fresh and green all over the year in field. 2. It should have both cold and drought resistant character. 3. It should have quick growing capacity. 4. It should have soft to touch in nature. 5. Free from attack of insect-pest and disease. 6. It should not emit foul or bad colour in growing place.
Selection of lawn grass in different ecological zones: 1. Bermuda grass (Cynadon dactylon) - Fast growing in nature, can tolerate drought condition, trampling resistance (i.e. wear and tear resistance). - Suitable for planting in large scale because regeneration capacity is very high and fast. - Nearly about 11 types of bermuda grass are there. - But local (indigenous) type is more popular because of salt tolerance habit and also can stand in poor soil. - Chinese (Prickly) and Germany ( Succulent) types are also popular. - Some of cultivar of Bermuda grass are: Calcuttia, Selection-1
Some glimpses:
2. Korean grass (Zoysia japonica) Native to Japan, Korea Creeping, mat-forming, short perennial grass that grows by both rhizome and stolen. Suitable for small area, require more water/ moist condition. Velvety growth and does not require frequent mowing. Commonly used as turf grass. Often used in golf course fairways, home garden , parks , school yards etc.
Bermuda Grass Korean Grass
Difference between Bermuda Grass and Korean Grass Characteristic Bermuda Grass Korean Grass Scientific name Cynodon dactylon (or hybrid Cynodon spp.) Zoysia tenuifolia (commonly called Korean grass) Family Poaceae Poaceae Growth habit Fast-growing, creeping through stolons and rhizomes Slow-growing, dense, cushion-like growth Leaf texture Fine to medium, narrow leaves Very fine, soft, and dense leaves Leaf colour Bright to dark green Dark green with a lush appearance Growth rate Very rapid Slow Establishment Establishes quickly Takes longer to establish Maintenance Requires frequent mowing and maintenance Requires less frequent mowing Tolerance to foot traffic Excellent Moderate to good Drought tolerance Excellent Good Shade tolerance Poor to moderate Better than Bermuda; tolerates partial shade Cold tolerance Moderate Better cold tolerance than Bermuda Weed suppression Moderate Excellent due to dense growth Water requirement Moderate Low to moderate Fertilizer requirement High Moderate Recovery after damage Very fast Slow Appearance Uniform lawn with quick coverage Soft, carpet-like, ornamental appearance Best use Sports fields, playgrounds, golf courses, parks, roadsides Home lawns, ornamental gardens, resorts, institutional landscapes
Key Differences Bermuda Grass Korean Grass Grows very fast Grows slowly Needs frequent mowing Needs less frequent mowing Excellent for sports fields Ideal for ornamental lawns Tolerates heavy foot traffic Best for light to moderate foot traffic Recovers quickly after wear Slow recovery after damage Prefers full sunlight Performs well in partial shade Lower establishment cost Higher establishment cost
Recommendation  Choose Bermuda Grass if you need a durable, fast-growing lawn for sports grounds, playgrounds, and public parks where heavy foot traffic is expected.  Choose Korean Grass if you want a high-quality ornamental lawn with a soft, dense, carpet-like appearance for home gardens, schools, colleges, hotels, and landscape gardens where aesthetics are a priority.
3. Poa grass (Poa spp) Also called as meadow grass (Europe and Asia) Blue grass (mainly in Northern America). Important pasture grass and extensively used for livestock grazing. Suitable for making lawn in high hills.  Suitable for temperate region (cold resistant).
Preparation of soil - Deep ploughing upto 45 cm in Baishak-Jestha and that is left to dry in scorching sun shine for soil sterilization. - Soil sterilization helps to damage many insect pests and diseases. - Clods should be break to form friable or loose soil. - Use of 8-10 kg FYM/ Square meter - Sloping of the land should be formed/constructed according to natural drainage.
Planting and sowing of seeds 1. Sowing of seed 2. Dibbling of roots 3. Turfing 4. Bricking 5. Turf plastering 6. Planting on polythene
1. Sowing of seed If grass cuttings are not easily available. Planting is done by sowing the seeds. Broadcasting method is preferable on a windless day Seed rate: 20-30 kg/ha After broad casting slight rolling is necessary to maintain good contact between soil and seed. Plot should be watered regularly: Sprinkler irrigation.
2. Dibbling of roots Best method of planting although it is the cheapest and slow in nature. Turf is separated to the groups having 4-5 plants with roots and is planted in small holes.  Spacing: Hill to Hill/ Plant to plant 10-15 cm and row to tow 10-15 cm. -Sprinkle irrigation should be provided and no use of flood irrigation.
Sowing of seed Dibbling of roots
3. Turfing: - It is the quickest method of developing a lawn but the cost is high. - Turf is apiece of earth about 5 cm thickness with grass thickly grown over it. - It is suitable in those sloppy land where soil conservation is necessary as well decoration needed in short time. - This method will be better than seeding and dibbling. - Turf of handy sizes are placed 25-30cm apart, after 6 months these space will be covered. - Slight beating ( Pressuring) is necessary after placing the turf, and liberal watering is done.
Turfing
4. Bricking - Act of filling up space or un healthy patches in the already prepared lawn. - When a established lawn is damaged partly by disease, insects managemental defects or trampling and treading, a lawn at the shape of brick(bricking) is done to maintain lawn at that part.
5. Turf plastering  A paste is prepared by mixing garden soil, fresh cow dung and water.  Bits of chopped up fresh roots and stem or rhizomes of doobo grass are mixed with the paste and the paste is spread evenly on the surface of the prepared ground after moistening the soil.  The ground should be moistened or irrigated before turf plastering.  The paste is then covered by spreading 2 layers of dry soil and watered regularly.
6. Planting on polythene: - Predominant in urban areas - Thickness of polythene (500-800) gauge is used. - Soil mixture of about 3 cm height over the polythene and dibbling is done. - Soil mixture of 1:1 top soil & FYM( for Chitwan) in sandy loam type soil and 1:1:1 Sand: Top soil: FYM (clayey area like Itahari, Bhairawa) is placed upto 3 cm height. - Either dibbling at 5 cm spacing or turfing is practiced - Though turfing is suitable but it incurs higher cost , so dibbling is preferred.
Management of Lawn: 1. Mowing - Mowing means cutting the lawn grass with blade or mower. - It helps to remove the mulching effect. - Absence of mowing leads to lower parts look like decay while upper part remain green. - Mowing should be done upto 5 cm to activate the growth of lower part so that growth of new shoot takes place. - Generally done in 15-20 days interval. - Lack of mowing may increases the fungal infection in lawn.
Lawn mower
2.Rolling  It is the practice followed just after mowing and is useful to stop the upright growth of the plant  Rolling is to help the grass anchor itself securely and also to keep the surface leveled.  This is an essential operation to keep the lawn perfectly leveled.  Light roller is used after every weeding.  This brings grasses in contact of the soil and to make them uniform besides leveling of the ground.
Lawn roller
3. Sweeping  sweeping is the method of removal of cut grasses that might have fallen from the mower box while mowing.
4 .Scrapping and Raking of Lawn:  Continuous rolling, mowing may result in the formation of a hard crust and the lower part of the lawn may get matted and woody.  For such lawns, the grass is scraped at the ground level with the help of a khurpi in the months of April- May. - Mainly practiced in old lawn or looking bad and unhealthy for better rejuvenation. - Scrapping of lawn at ground level is done keeping the root surface exposed. - Addition of Topsoil: Sand: FYM @ 1:2:1 can be done up to 3 cm height over the exposed root.
5. Irrigation - Frequency depend upon season, no need in rainy season but in the period of dryness at 8-10 days interval. - Water stagnation should be avoided to prevent fungal infection. - Sprinkler irrigation is done. 6. Weeding: - Hand weeding for small scale as possible. - Frequency more during rainy season - Cyperus rotandus (mothe) is more difficult to control due to deep root system. - Weedicide (2,4-D for dicot only) - For monocot weed, hand weeding is possible.
7. Fertilization: Sunhemp is very good green manure that should be incorporated in field before lawn planting. (50-60) g /square meter that includes 1 part each Urea, DAP and Potash. Additional spray of Urea can be done in N deficiency. (30 g/10 litre). 8. Liming Growth of moss is the indication of acidity Powdered chalk or lime should be applied at the rate of 250gm per meter square area. After liming water should be done
9. Top Dressing  A top dressing generally consists of a mix of materials such as sand, soil and loam which are manually added to the surface of the lawn and brushed or raked in.  These materials aid with drainage, help break down thatch and provides organic matter to the soil which in turn helps feed the lawn.
Frost injury Cause: Frosts cause damage when the moisture inside the leaf blade freezes. As water molecules freeze, they expand causing the cell wall of the grass to rupture, damaging the turf. This damaged cell wall has an impact on the plants ability to photosynthesize and therefore can cause some discolouration.
Symptoms:  Discoloured or Brown Patches: Frost-damaged grass often turns brown or yellow in patches, indicating cellular damage caused by freezing temperatures.  Wilted or Stunted Growth: Frost-damaged grass may appear limp, wilted, or have stunted growth due to impaired nutrient uptake.
Disease and other problem: 1. Fairy Ring: - It is common fungal disease caused by Leipiota morgani. - Mainly severe in light soils having low fertility status and low moisture content.  Symptoms: Lawn shows circular yellow patches  Management: - Soil drenching with Bordeaux mixture.
Fairy ring:
2.Pale or Yellow lawn: It is caused due to: A. Water logging condition Solution: Provide drainage facilities. B. Water stress condition Solution: Provide irrigation according to season C. Compactness or over trampling or poor aeration Solution: Provide aeration by loosening soil D. Nitrogen deficiency Solution: Provide 0.3% urea spray or 30 gm in 10 litres.