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Unit 1 Introduction to Pharmacology.pptx

The study of drugs (Pharmakon: drug; Logos: discourse). Pharmacokinetics: What the body does to the drug (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion – ADME). Pharmacodynamics: What the drug does to the body (Mechanism of action, effects). Drug : Any substance used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or alleviate disease. Routes of Drug Administration Local Routes: Topical (Skin/Mucous membrane), Deeper tissues (Intra-articular), Arterial supply. Systemic Routes Enteral: Oral, Sublingual, Rectal. Parenteral: Intravenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous (SC), Intradermal. Inhalation: For volatile liquids and gases. Advantage and Disadvantage Oral = Safe, convenient, cheap, Slow action, First-pass metabolism I.V. = 100% Bioavailability, Emergency use, Risk of embolism, strict asepsis S.C. = Self-administration possible, Only for non-irritant drugs Sublingual = Bypasses liver, rapid onset, Only lipid-soluble drugs Agonist: An agent which activates a receptor to produce an effect similar to that of the physiological signal molecule. Antagonist: An agent which prevents the action of an agonist on a receptor but has no effect of its own. Partial Agonist: Activates a receptor but produces a sub-maximal response. Inverse Agonist: Produces an effect opposite to that of the agonist. Competitive (Equilibrium) Antagonist binds reversibly to the same site as the agonist. Can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration. Non-Competitive Antagonist binds to a different site (allosteric) or binds irreversibly. Cannot be fully reversed by more agonist. Concept: Maximal response can be achieved by activating only a small fraction of the total receptor population. Significance: Increases sensitivity to low concentrations of agonists and provides a functional reserve. Tolerance: Requirement of higher doses to produce the same effect (e.g., Morphine). Cross-Tolerance: Tolerance to one drug confers tolerance to another in the same class (e.g., Alcohol and Benzodiazepines). Withdrawal Syndrome: The physiological “rebound” effect when the drug is removed (e.g., Seizures when stopping Alcohol). Tachyphylaxis: Rapidly developing tolerance (acute). Repeated doses at short intervals result in a quick decrease in response (e.g., Ephedrine, Tyramine). Dependence: A state in which the use of a drug is necessary for “normal” functioning. Physical Dependence: Appearance of withdrawal symptoms (abstinence syndrome) when the drug is stopped. Psychological Dependence (Addiction): Intense craving and compulsive use of the drug for pleasure despite harmful effects. Idiosyncrasy: Genetically determined abnormal reaction to a drug (e.g., Hemolysis with Primaquine in G6PD deficiency). It is unique to the individual. Drug Allergy: Immunologically mediated reaction (Type I to IV hypersensitivity). Not dose-related and requires prior exposure.

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B-Pharmacy• D-Pharmacy•
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY PREPARED BY ASHISH N. UMALE M. PHARM IN PHARMACOLOGY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SHRADDHA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, WASHIM-444505
• The study of drugs (Pharmakon: drug; Logos: discourse). • Pharmacokinetics: What the body does to the drug (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion – ADME). • Pharmacodynamics: What the drug does to the body (Mechanism of action, effects). • Drug : Any substance used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or alleviate disease. Introduction to Pharmacology
Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838–1921): Founder of modern pharmacology. John Jacob Abel: Father of American pharmacology. Paul Ehrlich: Developed the concept of receptors and chemotherapy.  Sir Ram Nath Chopra: Father of Indian Pharmacology. Historical Landmarks
Natural Sources  Plant: Morphine (Opium), Quinine (Cinchona).  Animal: Insulin, Heparin.  Microbial: Penicillin, Streptomycin.  Mineral: Magnesium sulfate, Iron.  Synthetic/Semi-synthetic: Aspirin, Omeprazole.  Biotechnology: Human growth hormone, Monoclonal antibodies. Chemical Nature  Inorganic: Ferrous sulfate, Magnesium hydroxide. • Organic: Alkaloids (Atropine), Glycosides (Digoxin).  Newer Sources  Recombinant DNA: Human Insulin (Humulin). • Hybridoma Technology: Monoclonal antibodies Nature and Sources of Drugs
Definition: Those that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population. Criteria for Selection Efficacy and Safety. Cost-effectiveness. Ease of storage and stability.  National Essential Medicines List (NEML): Adapted to local disease prevalence. Essential Drugs Concept (WHO)
Local Routes: Topical (Skin/Mucous membrane), Deeper tissues (Intra-articular), Arterial supply.  Systemic Routes  Enteral: Oral, Sublingual, Rectal.  Parenteral: Intravenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous (SC), Intradermal. • Inhalation: For volatile liquids and gases.  Advantage and Disadvantage  Oral = Safe, convenient, cheap, Slow action, First-pass metabolism  I.V. = 100% Bioavailability, Emergency use, Risk of embolism, strict asepsis  S.C. = Self-administration possible, Only for non-irritant drugs • Sublingual = Bypasses liver, rapid onset, Only lipid-soluble drugs Routes of Drug Administration
Agonist: An agent which activates a receptor to produce an effect similar to that of the physiological signal molecule. Antagonist: An agent which prevents the action of an agonist on a receptor but has no effect of its own. Partial Agonist: Activates a receptor but produces a sub-maximal response. Inverse Agonist: Produces an effect opposite to that of the agonist. Agonists and Antagonists
Competitive (Equilibrium) Antagonist binds reversibly to the same site as the agonist. Can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration. Non-Competitive Antagonist binds to a different site (allosteric) or binds irreversibly. Cannot be fully reversed by more agonist. Types of Antagonism
Concept: Maximal response can be achieved by activating only a small fraction of the total receptor population. Significance: Increases sensitivity to low concentrations of agonists and provides a functional reserve. Spare Receptors
Tolerance: Requirement of higher doses to produce the same effect (e.g., Morphine). Cross-Tolerance: Tolerance to one drug confers tolerance to another in the same class (e.g., Alcohol and Benzodiazepines). Withdrawal Syndrome: The physiological “rebound” effect when the drug is removed (e.g., Seizures when stopping Alcohol). Drug Tolerance
Tachyphylaxis: Rapidly developing tolerance (acute). • Repeated doses at short intervals result in a quick decrease in response (e.g., Ephedrine, Tyramine). Dependence: A state in which the use of a drug is necessary for “normal” functioning. Physical Dependence: Appearance of withdrawal symptoms (abstinence syndrome) when the drug is stopped.  Psychological Dependence (Addiction): Intense craving and compulsive use of the drug for pleasure despite harmful effects. Tachyphylaxis, Addiction and Dependence
Idiosyncrasy: Genetically determined abnormal reaction to a drug (e.g., Hemolysis with Primaquine in G6PD deficiency). It is unique to the individual. Drug Allergy: Immunologically mediated reaction (Type I to IV hypersensitivity). Not dose-related and requires prior exposure. Idiosyncrasy and Allergy
Unit 1 Introduction to Pharmacology.pptx