Union public service commission (civil services Examination) science and technology

Union public service commission (civil services Examination) science and technology

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  P2I:Mains 2025:S&T
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  • Framework • Identifyissues and debates • Answer practice Agenda
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  • Artificial intelligence •Blockchain technology • Challenges of data centric living Themes
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  Possible themes • Socio-economicimpact Challenges • AI and future of work • Regulatory challenges Framework • Basics of AI • Evolution of AI • Scope of AI • Recent advances in AI • AI and socio-economic development • AI and society • AI and IP rights • India's strategy: AI for All Artificial intelligence
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  • Close to100 ZB • By 2025 it is estimated to double • India: >>800 million users
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  Using data forbetter living: To drive innovations Data Sharing Public Digital Goods Protecting Privacy Data Protection Importance of Data
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  •Individual POV 1. Datathat I am ok sharing with everyone 2. Data that I am ok sharing with friends 3. Data that I am ok sharing with companies 4. Data that I am not ok sharing with anyone •Regulation POV 1. Personal data 2. Critical personal data 3. Non-personal data
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  Non-personal data sharing •Policy support: Draft India Data Accessibility & Use Policy 2022 • Technological solution: DEPA Digital Public Good: IndiaStack • open-source software • open data • open AI models • open standards • open content
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  Set of APIsthat allows governments, businesses, startups and developers to utilise a unique digital Infrastructure to solve India’s hard problems towards presence-less, paperless, and cashless service delivery. IndiaStack: India’s Public Digital Infrastructure
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  1.Aadhaar - APIto ID the consumer. Identity, Authentication(e-Auth), Authorization(e-sign) 2.eKYC - Tools to digitise the whole KYC process. (based on Aadhar) 3.UPI - Platform for micropayments directly between banks. 4.Digilocker - Storage and retrieval of digital documents. 5.eSign - Sign documents electronically.(aadhaar holder can generate an e-sign) APIs under IndiaStack
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  National Finance Stack Aadhar UPI OCEN ONDC GeM Data Sharing (ConsentManager)
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  National Health Stack National Health ID Nationalhealth registry Insurance Coverage and claims platform Personal health records framework National health analytics platform Data Sharing National Agri Stack National Famer ID/ National Farm ID Unified Farmer Service Interface Crop Sown Registry Data Sharing (Consent Manager)
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  Need • Important pillarIndia Digital Ecosystem Architecture (InDEA 2.0) • Socio-economic value • Innovation • OECD: Correlation between data sharing and GDP • Technology-solution for Personal Data Protection Bill DEPA
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  What is DEPA? •Consent-based data sharing • Standardized API for data sharing (UPI-like platform) • Data dashboard • Separates consent requirement at collection from sharing stage • Custodian-controlled to individual-controlled Applications • Financial sector • Health sector • Agriculture • Personnel management • Telecom sector Illustration
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  Impact • Promote innovationand commercialisation • Reduction in transaction cost • Increased competition • Technological solution to privacy and data protection • Data interoperability • Link between data providers and data users
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  Individual POV 1. Datathat I am ok sharing with everyone: Eg: comment on youtube 2. Data that I am ok sharing with friends 3. Data that I am ok sharing with companies 4. Data that I am not ok sharing with anyone Regulation POV 5. Personal data 6. Critical personal data 7. Non-personal data
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  Collection Processing Storage Disseminatio n Sharing
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  Collection stage Informedconsent Processing stage Right to be informed, Right to revoke consent Storage of Data Data Localisation How long can you store the data Dissemination Right to be forgotten/erasure Right to modify, delete Sharing of data Who can you share the data with and for what ?
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  Data generation DataCollection Data Processing Data dissemination With consent Without consent Surveillance Overt Indian Telegraph Act IT Act Sec 24 prohibits unlawful interception Section 69: Government can issue order to intercept, decrypt or monitor Sec 69A: competent authorities can issue orders to control public access. Ban on Porn sites, PUBG, TIKTOK etc. Covert Aggregating the data Identification Matching data and individual: To verify individual Anonymised data Are data controllers and data processors using data for the intended purpose explicitly mentioned? Do I have control over the data processed? Can I know what is being done with my data? Do I have the Right to Rectify? Data Breach: Breach of Confidentiality Disclosure Data leaks Distortion of data Invasion
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  1.Principles for dataprotection: Only essential data must be collected Data so collected should be used only for the said purpose Once the purpose of data so collected is fulfilled the data must be deleted 2.Grounds for collection, processing and use of personal data Collection of and use data must be on the basis of free and informed consent 3.Rights of individual Right to review Right to access Right to modify Right to erase 4 Data Protection Authority Central regulator that ties together the above 3 pillars and ensure compliance for the same.
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  What is itreally? • Seeks to establish the relationship of Data Principal and Data Fiduciary at every stage of data journey with the primary goal of protecting the right of individuals to privacy at the same time upholding the security of India. Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023
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  • Data ProtectionBoard: Autonomy, Powers? • Lopsided • Exemptions in case of government as fiduciary Fair and reasonable reasons: Consent For preventing, detecting, investigation and prosecution: Processing “necessity of processing personal data for legitimate objectives” Outright exemption for research, sovereignty and integrity, security, public order, friendly relations, avoiding incitement of violence. • Significant Data Fiduciaries • Right to erasure? • Right of minor • Dent on Right to Information? Issues related to Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023
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  • Write anote on DEPA. Illustrate the importance of such a framework for ushering in a fully integrated Digital India. • What is Digital Empowerment and Protection Architecture? Highlight the opportunities and challenges of implementing such a framework. • What is Indiastack? What are the major projects that are being implemented under indiastack? What are the opportunities that can be leveraged by Indiastack? Practice questions
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  • Blockchain: fundamentallya distributed ledger • Technology behind blockchain • Characteristics of blockchain • Types: Public and Private Permissioned and Non-permissioned • Scope and application • Blockchain as the tcp/ip of money • Cryptocurrencies and CBDCs • NFT • Regulation of digital assets including cryptos and NFTs Blockchain technology
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  Blockchain Technology: Oldwine in a New Bottle
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  Managing ownership
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  Peer-to-Peer Distributed DataStore (In general Blockchain is a box which can store digital goods) which is • Immutable • Append-only • Ordered • Time-stamped • Open and Transparent • Secure • Eventually Consistent • Provenance • Trust-less Characteristics of Blockchain
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  • Proof ofexistence - (Registry Eg: Land Registry, Patent Registry, License registry ) • Proof of non-existence - (Registry of complaints, National Database for Sexual Offenders, Registry of Crime data) • Proof of time • Proof of order • Proof of Identity (e-gov applications beneficiaries ID, Aadhar, Voter ID, DL, Passport) • Proof of authorship (Due to Security feature (Identity, Authenticate and Authorize) can be used in online publishing, content writing etc) • Proof of ownership (Property, cars, Digital currency, Insurance, Shares etc) Scope
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  • Something thatis used to represent uniqueness in the virtual world. What are NFTs anyway?
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  NFT: Through anexample
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  • Identity managementin the virtual world • Deed for virtual assets • Enable virtualize the real world • Virtual versions of physical items • Value-carries over Web3.0 What all can you do with NFTs?
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  Difference between cryptosand NFTs
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  Defining Non-fungible Tokens
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  • “The regulationof blockchain technologies will turn them into threats or opportunities.” Discuss. Given the advantages of blockchain technology namely disintermediation, provenance, immutability and decentralization it should be leveraged for potential use cases as in record management systems, supply-chain management, digital currency, taxation, voting etc. However the anonymization that the technology offers poses significant threats particularly malpractices like illegal trade, fraud, money-laundering etc. This merits a balanced approach which stays away from horizontal regulation to leverage the technology and resultant innovations and a strict vertical regulation particularly in the financial and capital market sectors. Regulation of Blockchain: Model
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  Since technological innovationsinevitable outpaces regulation broadly regulatory goals should be to • Encourage innovation • Ensure consumer protection • Prevent money-laundering • Prevent fraud • Taxation regime for cross-border flow In line with this India is taking a good step in accordance with the recommendation of Subhash Garg Committee to prevent private cryptocurrencies to function as a currency instead be treated as a financial asset under the proposed Cryptocurrency Regulation Bill 2021. Thus cryptocurrencies will be rightly subject to capital market regulations of SEBI. In addition the regulatory aspects should include consumer protection by framing rules for cryptocurrency activities such as Initial Coin Offerings, imposing capital gains tax, increased consumer awareness regarding the high-volatile nature of cryptocurrencies, ways to stop malpractices like short-selling etc. Thus regulation of blockchain technology should be functional and technology-neutral in accordance with regulatory principles and goals.
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  Setting the context
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  Like humans Rationally Think Act AI Systems AIis the study and creation of machines that can perform tasks that would require intelligence if a human were to do the same job. Defining AI
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  Sense Real Virtual Comprehend Models Act Decisions Predictions Synthetic content AI Definition
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  What is intelligence ? AIsystems Strategy Ability to imitate humans Symbolists Imitation Game: Turing Test Ability to know more Specific tasks Expert systems Give more information, rules and logic Knowledge-base Inference engine Can it play chess Can it play theorems 1997: Deep Blue 1970s: Shakey the robot Medical diagnostic Encyclopedia Stock market Banking Shakey the robot Traditional AI systems
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  Cognition sense the environment Sense andact on the environment Insect Shakey was keyed in with the map of the room. Insect robots (infrared sensors) Perceiving Function of the Brain Neurons made Artificial Neural Network Genetic Algorithms Analogy-based learning Thinking Learning Feeling Emotion Consciousness Modern AI systems
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  Top down v/sbottom up intelligence
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  AI Revolution: TheML age
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  Machine learning andBig data: the backbone of AI
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  • Samuel's checkersprogram beat humans • 1997: IBM's Deepblue defeats humans in chess • 2000: Kismet, a social machine: capable of expressing emotions • 2016: IBM's Watson defeats humans in Jeopardy • 2017: Siri, Google Now • 2018: AI generates AI: Google ML • Deep learning and Neural Networks: AI trains itself • Eg: AlphaGo: learnt to play GO by playing humans then trained itself by playing millions of games with itself. Thus AlphaGO is creative and innovative. • 2022: IBM, Pfizer develop AI to predict Alzheimer's disease • 2020-22: AI owns patent rights Evolution
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  Sense Real Virtual Comprehend Models Act Decisions Predictions Synthetic content AI Definition
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  AI Governance Responsible AI Innovation and Commercialisatio n Datagovernance Future of work Harnessing Artificial Intelligence
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  Innovation and commercialisation • EncourageOpen AI-based DPIs: data (Indian Datasets Programme), standards, models • Leverage non-personal data: (National Data Governance Framework Policy) • Robust IP regime • R&D: 3 AI Centres of Excellence • Start up funding
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  Health • Medical diagnostics, RevolutionizeTelemedicine, Epidiemology, Mobile robots, Genomics, Drug discovery, Protein modelling, Pathogen models, Neuroscience and AI Transportation • Driverless car Agriculture • Digital twin of farms, robotic solutions for input delivery, UAVs for monitoring Military • Autonomous weapon systems, Drone fleets Financial services • Banks, insurance companies, stock trading Social sciences • Modelling for societies Innovation and commercialisation
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  Responsible AI
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  Defn LLM-based models thattakes in input processes it as language and gives all output as language. (NLP and Deep learning) The output of a GenAI is a synthetic content including texts, pictures, videos etc that are generated using statistical models to predict and generate content. Risks Lacks common sense, truthfulness, empathy, conscience, rules of logic: Can proliferate misinformation Trained on public datasets: no mechanism to test accuracy, fairness, appropriateness Predicts a plausible combination of words: Reflect bias Generative AI
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  • Data colonization •Bias in data • Authority in algorithm • Neutrality • Arbitrary powers to digital platforms • Superfluous privacy laws Challenges
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  Source of bias
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  Arbitrary powers todigital platforms
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  Focus Themes: SpaceTechnology Theme based Socio-economic impact of space technology Status of space sector in India: Space 2.0 New Space Policy: What is the direction the policy is setting for space sector? Space reforms in the recent times: Need for it Commercialisation of space sector Geospatial Data Policy Launch vehicle innovations Topic based Artemis accords High-throughput satellites Gravitational wave observatories: LIGO
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  Vision • Harnessing space-based assetsfor socio-economic development • Space research Space-assets of India • More than 100 operational satellites providing EO, Meteorological, PNT and communication services • Capability of launching more than 100 satellites at a time Socio-economic impact of space technology
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  Tele-medicine Tele-education DTH Satellite-based internet VSAT: for secure communication Telecommunication Agriculture Hydrology LandUse /Land Cover Forest cover Fishery : Sagarmitra Mineral mapping Watershed management Infrastructure management Weather satellites Position, Navigation and Timing GAGAN Railways Banks Power stations EWS for Cyclone Land zonation maps Earthquake maps Forest fires Climate change and Environmental studies( NICES) Governance Geo-MGNREGA Svamitva District level planning Urban Infrastructure planning (NUIS) Socio-economic impact of space technology
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  From SITE toHigh- throughput satellites Important milestones • SITE 1970s: Largest socio-technological experiment • STEP late 1970s • INSAT 2 onwards: Indigenous • Critical communication services: VSAT • Mass media revolution: INSAT-3: DTH • Backbone of Bharatnet is remote locations • Foundation to Mobile Satellite Services Application • Satellite-based internet: High- throughput satellites Communication satellites
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  • Earth Observation •Weather satellites Natural Resource Management • Agriculture • Hydrology • Land Use /Land Cover • Forest cover • Fishery : Sagarmitra • Mineral mapping • Watershed management • Infrastructure management Remote-Sensing Satellites
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  • Planning, Forecasting,Monitoring • FASAL: Forecasting Agricultural Output using Space Agro-meteorology and Land based Observation. • Crop-yield estimation of 11 major crops: Pre-harvest forecasting • Crop Intensification: CHAMAN: Coord Prog on Horti Assessment & Mgmt using Geo-Informatics • Soil health cards for fertilizer management • Input for Crop insurance: PM Fasal Bhima Yojana • Geo-Farms: Geospatial data for supply chain management Space technology and Agriculture
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  Ground water • mapping:Bhuvan Bhujal • Monitoring and Budgetting: National Aquifer Mapping & Management (NAQUIM) project. Water resource management • National Hydrology Project: Hydrology map to plan irrigation activities in flood and drought prone areas • Bhuvan-AIBP Fisheries(Prospective Fishing Zones) • Sagarmitra: Combination of RS, Communication and Navigation services: Eg for MSS Urban planning and development • NUIS: base for Master Plan Preparation • AMRUT: 242 cities Natural Resource Management
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  Rural Development GEO-MGNREGA Disaster Management
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  Climate change monitoring andenvironmental studies • NICES (National Information System for Climate and Environment Studies) Forest and Ecology studies
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  Position, Navigation and Timing vehicletracking and fleet management, maritime navigation services and port management, railways, aviation, disaster management support, geo-tagging and geo-fencing, survey applications power-grid synchronization, search and rescue etc.
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  Data EO/Remote Sensing Information GIS system Knowledge Application Base forgeo-governance
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  EO/Remote Sensing Ocean Colour Monitoring, Sea surfacetemperature from OceanSat GIS system INCOIS Application Sagarmitra
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  Remote Sensing using drones Landmaps GIS system District Information System Application Svamitva title records Bhuvan
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  Geospatial Technology Data EO/Remote Sensing Information GIS system Knowledge Application
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  Data EO/RS Information Specialised government agencies Knowledge Government applications Data • EO/RS • Digitization enabledby • Mobile, IoT, Drones, Crowd sourcing Information • Private participation: Start ups • AI based GIS Knowledge Location intelligence Geospatial technology today
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  Ap plic ati on Attribute Data Application Attributes Dat a Why rise inthe recent times?
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  Geospatial Technologies
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  Commercialisation/Dissemination/Democratisation Capacity building Space 2.0:Private participation Space Reforms Capability demonstration Space 1.0: ISRO-led Space 2.0: Commercialisation of Space sector
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  SPACE 1.0 Capability demonstrationled by ISRO Space reforms for capacity building liberalising and privatising space sector Space 2.0: Commercialisation of space sector led by private sector ISRO-led space exploration and R&D
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  Status of spacesector •Global space industry: $500 billion expected to reach 1 trillion by 2040 •India at 9.6 billion constitutes 2-3% of the global space economy and is expected to reach 13 billion and target to reach 10% by 2030. •Foreign: 400 satellites at $300Million Vision •10 per cent in the future. •Economic Survey: No of start ups from 1 in 2012 to 112 in 2022. Context
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  Space reforms Liberalise space assets (Remote sensing dataabove 30cm resolution) Liberalise space activities Institutional reforms Space education and R&D Space reforms INSPACE: Technology transfer to build pvt sector capacity NSIL: Commercialisation Geospatial Data Policy New Space Policy
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  • Space activitiesincluding: satellite services, launch vehicles, tracking and command centre • Space tourism • Space situational awareness through debris removal and studying space weather • Space resource exploration Opportunities for private sector