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Trends in fiber optic communications

The document discusses the evolution and trends in fiber optic communications, outlining the development of various generation systems from the first to fifth generation, highlighting enhancements in data rates and technologies including Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). It introduces exciting technologies such as Radio over Fiber, Li-Fi, and Silicon Core Optical Fiber, emphasizing their potential applications and advantages. The conclusion notes the need for ongoing improvements to support increasing data demands and more intelligent network architectures.

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1 Trends in Fiber Optic Communications MEC
2 Contents • Evolution of Fiber Optic Communications. • Fiber Optic Communications System Generations. • Trends in Fiber Optic Communications. • Some Exciting Optical Communication Technologies. • Conclusion.
3 Evolution of Fiber Optic Communication
4 Evolution of Fiber Optic Communication • Optical fiber first developed in 1970 by Corning Glass Works. • GaAs semiconductor lasers developed for transmitting light through fiber optic cables at the same time. • First generation fiber optic system: - developed in 1975. - used GaAs semiconductor lasers. - operated at a wavelength of 0.8 μm. - bit rate of 45 Megabits/second. - 10 Km repeater spacing.
5 Evolution of Fiber Optic Communication • Second Generation Fiber Optic System: - developed in the early 1980’s. - used InGaAsP semiconductor lasers. - operated at a wavelength of 1.3 μm. - operating at bit rates of upto 1.7 Gb/s by 1987 on single mode fiber. - 50 Km repeater spacing.
6 Evolution of Fiber Optic Communication • Third generation fiber optic systems: - developed in 1990. - operating at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. - a bit rate of upto 2.5 Gb/s on a single longitudinal mode fiber. -100 Km repeater spacing. - discovery of Indium Gallium Arsenide. - development of Indium Gallium Arsenide photodiode by Pearsall.
7 Evolution of Fiber Optic Communication • Fourth generation fiber optic systems: - optical amplifiers replaced repeaters. - utilized wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to increase data rates. - transmission of over 11,300 Km at data rates of 5 Gb/s using submarine cables by 1996.
8 Evolution of Fiber Optic Communication • Fifth generation fiber optic systems: - use of Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM). - increase in data rates. - concept of optical solitons. - counteracting negative effects of dispersion.
9 Evolution of Fiber Optic Communication
10 Fiber Optics Time Line
11 Trends in Fiber Optic Communication • All Optical Communication Networks. • Multi – Terabit Optical Networks. • Intelligent Optical Transmission Networks. • Polymer Optical Fibres. • Improvements in Optical Transmitter/ Receiver Technology. • Improvements in Optical Amplification Technology. • Ultra-Long Haul Optical Transmission. • High-Altitude Platforms etc.
12 All Optical Communication Networks • Signals processed in optical domain without any form of electrical manipulation. • All signal processing and routing in optical domain. • No need to replace electronics when data rate increases. • Optical to electrical conversion and vice versa adds to latency on the network, limits maximum achievable data rates.
13 Multi – Terabit Optical Networks • World-wide need for increased bandwidth availability. • DWDM paves way for multi-terabit transmission. • Presently, 4 Tb networks using 40 Gb/s data rate combined with 100 DWDM channels exists. • Search out for even higher bandwidth with 100 Gb/s.
14 Intelligent Optical Transmission Network • Traditional optical networks unable to adapt to fast growth of online data services due to unpredictability of dynamic allocation of bandwidth. • Traditional optical networks rely on manual configuration of network connectivity, is time consuming, unable to fully adapt to the demands of modern networks. • Intelligent optical networks – the future trend.
15 Intelligent Optical Transmission Network • Will first be applied in long-haul networks, gradually to the network edges. • Expected to adopt to the unpredictability of bandwidth allocation. • Applications: traffic engineering, dynamic resource route allocation, special control protocols for network management, scalable signaling capabilities, bandwidth on demand, wavelength rental, wavelength wholesale, differentiated services for various of QOS levels.
16 Ultra – Long Haul Optical Transmission • Limitations imposed due to imperfections in the transmission medium overcome. • Cancellation of dispersion effects. • Utilization of potential benefits of soliton propagation. • More understanding of interaction between electromagnetic light wave and the transmission medium necessary. • Move towards infrastructure with most favorable conditions for light propagation.
17 Polymer Optic Fibers • As transmission media. • Easy and less expensive processing of optical signals. • More flexible for plug interconnections. • May displace copper cables for last mile connection from the telecommunication company’s last distribution box and the served end consumer. • Use of Polymer Optical Fibers (multimedia fibers) for future aircraft applications.
18 Improvements in Laser Technology • Extension of present semiconductor lasers to a wider variety of lasing wavelengths. • Shorter wavelength lasers with very high output powers of interest in high density optical applications. • Laser sources spectrally shaped through chirp management presently used to compensate for chromatic dispersion.
19 Improvements in Laser Technology • Chirp management - laser controlled such that it undergoes sudden change in its wavelength when firing a pulse, chromatic dispersion of the pulse reduced. • Need to develop instruments to be used to characterize such lasers. • Single mode tunable lasers for future coherent optical systems. • Need for tuning lasers to a range of different frequencies.
20 Laser Neural Network Nodes • Effective option realization of optical network nodes. • Dedicated hardware configuration working in optical domain and the use of ultra-fast photonic sections expected to further improve the capacity and speed of telecommunication networks . • Use of optical laser neural nodes an effective solution.
21 High – Altitude Platforms • Optical inter satellite links and orbit-to- ground links suffer from unfavorable weather conditions. • Need for optical communication to and from high altitude platforms. • High altitude platforms - airships situated above clouds at heights of 16 to 25 Km. • Unfavorable atmospheric impact on laser beam less severe than directly above ground.
22 High – Altitude Platforms • Optical links between high- altitude platforms, satellites and ground stations to serve as broadband back-haul communication channels. • High-altitude platform to serve as data relay stations.
23 Improvements in Optical Transmitter/Receiver Technology • Need to achieve high quality transmission even for optical signals with distorted waveform and low signal to noise ratio. • Need for optical transceivers adopting new and advanced modulation technology, with excellent chromatic dispersion & Optical Signal to Noise Ratio tolerance. • Suitability for ultra-long haul communication systems. • Need for better, efficient error correction codes.
24 Improvement in Optical Amplification Technology • Need for better technologies to enhance EDFA performance. • Need for high accuracy optical amplifiers to increase gain bandwidth of EDFA, better gain equalization technology. • To achieve higher output power, lower noise figure. • Need for high power pumping lasers with excellent optical amplification and outputs of more than +20 dBm with very low noise figure.
25 Improvement in WDM Technology • To extend wavelength range over which wave division multiplexing systems can operate. • C band ranges from 1.53 - 1.57μm. • Dry fiber has a low loss window, promises extension of the range to 1.30 – 1.65 μm. • Need for further developments in optical filtering technology for WDM.
26 Advancement in Network Configuration of Optical Submarine Systems • To improve the flexibility of network configuration in optical submarine communication systems. • Most large scale optical submarine systems adopt ring configuration. • Need for mesh network configuration that directly inter-connects the stations. • Mesh network connects stations directly.
27 Improvements in Glass Fiber Design and Component Miniaturization • Impurities added/removed from glass fibers change its light transmission characteristics. • Speed of light along a glass fiber can be controlled. • Allows for production of customized glass fibers to meet specific traffic engineering requirements of a given route. • Need to produce more reliable and effective glass fibers. • Miniaturization of optical fiber communication components.
28 Exciting Optical Communication Technologies  Radio over Fiber: • Analog optical link to transmit modulated RF signals. • Uses optical fiber links to distribute RF signals from a central location to remote antenna units. • Transmits RF signal downlink and uplink. • Transmits RF signal to central station (CS) from base station (BS) and vice versa.
29 Radio over Fiber Advantages • Large bandwidth. • Immunity to radio frequency interference. • Reduced power consumption. • Multi-operator and multi-service operation. • Dynamic resource allocation. • Supports video on demand, internet usage, voice over IP, steaming video and voice.
30 Radio over Fiber Applications • Video Distribution Systems – large bandwidth. • Satellite Control – Control of remote antenna located at satellite earth station. • Cellular Networks – enhances capacity. • Mobile Broadband Services. • Vehicle Communication – traffic control by deploying base stations (BS) along roads, BSs communicate with moving vehicles through microwave signals.
31 General Radio over Fiber System .
32 Exciting Optical Communication Technologies  Nanomechanical Optical Fiber: • Multiple fiber cores capable of controlled nanometer-scale mechanical movements. • Cores close enough to each other to be optically coupled, as directional coupler. • Optical switching, sensing and WDM applications.
33 Exciting Optical Communication Technologies  Silicon Core Optical Fiber: • Attenuation of 4.3 dB/m at 2.936 μm wavelength. • High thermal conductivity, high optical damage threshold, and low loss transmission between ~1.2 – 6.6 μm of crystalline silicon beneficial.
34 Silicon Core Optical Fiber • Tremendous potential for: - Raman and other nonlinear optical fiber devices. - mid- and long-wave infrared sensing and power delivery. - terahertz guided wave structures.
35 Exciting Optical Communication Technologies  Li-Fi & Visible Light Communications: • The term Li-Fi coined by Harold Hass in 2011. • High speed bi-directional fully connected visible light wireless communication system. • Not sensitive to electromagnetic interference.
36 Li-Fi and VLC • Speed up to 10 Gb/s using Li-Fi, 250 times more than the speed of super-fast broadband. • Applications such as: - Transmitting sound and music. - In Wireless LAN. - Visible light ID system in subways, hospitals and airports.
37 Li-Fi and VLC - Vehicle to vehicle communications. - Underwater communications eg; Un-Tethered Remotely Operated Vehicle (UTROV). - In signboards to convey information in public places. - Robotics.
38 VLC for Safety Messaging
39 VLC for HOSPI Robot
40 Exciting Optical Communication Technologies • Inter-Aircraft Optical Communications:
41 Conclusion • “Further work to be done to support the need for faster data rates, advanced switching techniques and more intelligent network architectures that automatically change in response to traffic patterns and at the same time be cost efficient”.
42 Thank You