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Thermal and Statical Physics ( ऊष्मीय एवं सांख्यिकी भौतिकी ) NCERT Based Notes PDF| Irfanullah Mehar | Carnot Engine | Ligendre Transformation | Gibbs free Energy

Thermal and Statical Physics ( ऊष्मीय एवं सांख्यिकी भौतिकी ) NCERT Based Notes PDF| Irfanullah Mehar | Carnot Engine | Ligendre Transformation | Gibbs free Energy

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T- 2t <br> F <br> PHYSICS <br> B <br> B <br> LEARN• UNDERSTAND • EXPLORE <br> b <br> Compiled by <br> * IRFANULLAH MEHAR <br> 9 Pokaran, Jaisalmer (Raj.) <br> @irfanullah_mehar <br> World of Wisdom <br> M irfanullah3119@gmail.com <br> World of Wisdom <br> E=me? <br> F= ma <br> V= IR <br> m/s <br>
Telegram Channel Join Karein Aur PDFs <br> Download Karein <br> Scan to Join Telegram Channel <br> @WORLDOFWISDOMSS <br> Astro-cosmophile <br>
Thena! + Statistica Vafes <br> 9 <br> a žHafH (Laos ok themody nanis)-lqn <br> TANT <br> oG | 05 ]2025 <br> ( Casnot engine + eHfcien" <br> (Datemal Sneng Gibbe frer exegy Ethatpy) <br> tF/Eneemble ) <br> tranaoaton) <br> (Gtatfetfoad deacipticn hem o parttcles) <br> Basfe Potulates) <br>
mieroyten <br> síze o atales <br> Stucly methsd <br> Graup o Peotfales <br> micro Jsmal <br> Quantum <br> ethod <br> thonodnanic method <br> Macro <br> qston <br> loig/ hge <br> shdy method <br> Statical Thetse <br>
Thermoolynamics <br> That breneh o! Physics <br> abeut <br> enett <br> to ot heat ranafomalin <br> gorma <br> g <br> Sto <br> thor <br> Tlheamadynanic ., <br> caded <br> lange amount o atomc/ <br> xist, a cadleol <br> A ystem in wch oa <br> mole cules / fone / Pasttclee <br> thkexmo dy namic yetem. <br>
past ol univexae except hemodymamic <br> ystem, ofeh exchange nongt th <br> Atmosphee. <br> Ttemodnamîc yeten <br> b mits, <br> seperated <br> Atnec pe) <br> Sun cwncing <br> AHmesphoe <br> Themo dynante <br> ystem <br> Paund mits <br> (Reas Jneginony) <br>
Open pten <br> Erchage <br> Ex <br> Thexmednamic tm <br> both <br> bater in penJ <br> Close <br> ystem <br> excharge nd <br> enent <br> alater in clase Jah <br> -R (Themodynamic <br> conpleely speait <br> Ssolated sten <br> Ne ther erchage <br> matter nor euongt: <br> Iaates in themus <br> vanfabea) <br> Those uomtitiea us'oh halp. e to <br> state o themodynamic <br> ae caled themodynamic vasiakles. <br> Ex- P, V, T,m,g, u <br>
Jextensive] <br> L vaiables <br> Thenmodman <br> (Sunfa <br> Depend on size o themodnanke <br> Ex- TJS) (Volume) (v) <br> Variake, <br> (Dtenive variales) <br> Dresnt depnd om <br> aize ob <br> State equation) <br> lheumodynam <br> qyetem <br> Ex- |4 (Presswe) <br> (Tenp). <br> Stte equatn <br> equat yeoreente elahenahip bdueen <br> state vaables. <br>
V <br> (°c) <br> T - <br> R <br> y T (Temp. Scale) <br> aEET (Fnenhite) <br> (°F) <br> afra (Kelvin) () <br> (°Re) <br> 6 (Ramkin) ('R) <br> Volume <br> Temp. <br> No °h <br> moles <br> Unversd,gas conatan <br> Degree o hotns <br> LEP <br> 32 <br> 273.15 <br> yg4.42 <br> SF P <br> Upper <br> coldnegs <br> 80 <br> Axel Point <br> 843.15 <br> 61-52 <br>
(Change fn Vemp. cale) <br> Scale- <br> NTP <br> /Absolate zeo temp) <br> UFP - LEP <br> F-92 <br> (Triple Point) <br> STP <br> goc <br> Ls Nevmal Temp. +- Araswp <br> LFP <br> Sane <br> K- 23.)5 <br> O K ) <br> ( 293-15 K) <br> oc (272 -|5 K) <br> -273 I5° c <br>
SH1] Heat) <br> Heat auags lows trem high Temp. <br> lo temp. <br> Specific Heat <br> s= <br> (Cal) <br> Kg -k <br> Reqw'red <br> unit mass X <br> m. AT <br> |AQ= msAT) <br> to <br> urnaunt o heat <br> chawnge fn tertp. <br>
State <br> () Water <br> ) oe <br> () <br> Vapo <br> Mslar <br> C = <br> Specib'e teat <br> nAT <br> Cab/ <br> (AQ), <br> lAQ= ncaT <br> (Q), <br> 2)00 JKg -k <br>
QLCj 8aLafent Heat) <br> Le <br> L= <br> sotd Liqd <br> (latent eat) <br> hter <br> liqud <br> Baer <br>
a <br> Gas Lfquwdod <br> F PA <br> hlork dene by themadynamc yctem <br> Adx <br> L Velume <br> h Pd v) <br> Ly = 536 <br> (Enissien 4 heat) <br> W <br> w P AV) <br> PV n RT <br> Y <br> P.du <br>
(i) VV, = <br> W <br> V, <br> Va <br> Telegram Channel Join Karein Aur PDFs <br> Download Karein <br> Scan to Join Telegram Channel <br> @WORLDOFWISDOMSS <br>
otlos]e5 <br> )g-ai6 fsnZosth lauw) - <br> Heact <br> temp. <br> Laos ol Thezmodymam <br> become <br> ntil tanpvotwe f both yte <br> conditieon callea) <br> equal ths <br> thenal equibiun. <br> to law <br> Temp. i <br> yeme diy therma <br> kactr och rema'ne conefaut <br>
According to <br> eniu lBbum <br> gyatem <br> +helmal <br> +his <br> afe <br> usith <br> eaperate <br> JJy ) <br> Lao, tuoo stone <br> This lauw detfne TonpeatuE <br> !B <br> Ta=TB <br> in <br> 4hemal <br> ctem,.C, +hen keth <br>
First lao (F3 f) <br> Aceerolng to to's law <br> heat. <br> toill <br> gren to a yeten then sytem <br> thg extonal heat <br> increae its ntena) cnezA etty en <br> a-afa j <br> Sxtena <br> will be <br> Heat t <br> but <br> external <br> atate unen, <br> d4N) <br> to do k. <br> omr ) <br> path <br> ntonal. uert <br> 's <br> Thia laL q'ves eonmcept ntena <br>
folrws enengy cunosntien law. <br> fa Sjb) <br> TWs Lau cuntt <br> AQ AUt nRAT) <br> des be <br> ineot'en <br> S1) <br>
gocond lad <br> * Statement Kelvin - Plonk <br> sín c <br> Statoment o Clausis <br> 00 <br> - 1T 00 . <br>
7los]2015 <br> Thesmody namíc Ryeten <br> (SEHnaG ) <br> sochoic Psoeegs <br> Soobahle <br> Joshomal Poerse <br> Adiabaic <br> PoseRs <br> c rocess <br> (Theimoc hwric Prsees) <br> AT <br> Telegram Channel Join Karein Aur PDFs <br> Download Karein <br> Scan to Join Telegram Channel <br> @WORLDOFWISDOMSS <br>
SA <br> PV <br> PaT} Law 6qy - usee <br> L <br> V <br> P <br> dP <br> dv <br> dv <br> T <br>
(P) <br> yT <br> dV <br> dv <br> V <br>
Scan to Join Telegram Channel <br> @WORLDOFWISDOMSS <br> W= PAV <br> vdP <br> K=- Vdp <br> Pdv <br> dv <br> |w PAV = P(V: -V)) <br> Astro-cosmophile <br>
(AQ,AU + PAV <br> nCp T <br> AW <br> AW <br> nyat +n RAT <br> nRAT <br>
P <br> P <br> Qnatat <br> Const. <br> V <br> P <br> V2 <br> Pv cmtomt <br> pdy + Vpo <br> VdP pv <br> dP <br> dv <br>
W <br> Pdy <br> PV= n RT <br> p= nRT <br> W nAT <br> keP) <br> V <br> nT dy <br> V <br> dly <br> -v () <br> W h RT <br> Wn aT <br> V <br> 2e303n RT l%A0 <br> la <br> P <br>
eiiafrs - <br> -OG yooy (Codneting prceAs) <br> No exeharge Heat <br> UaT <br> AU1 W <br>
U <br> Cold <br> + <br> py contnt <br> T= cenlant <br> conatont <br> P <br> - <br> Het <br> mons afonfc <br>
J Pdv <br> (tonátant) <br> p-v <br> Py= cnt. <br> Pav Y+ vp-o <br> V <br> oly <br> dy <br> el <br> v <br> -Yevdy <br> V <br> W iKy <br> K <br>
W K <br> W <br> 1 <br> - PV,- PV <br> Vd <br> K=- vdP -v(-Y) <br> hAT <br> V2 <br> 0 <br> nRT,-Ta] <br> E33 <br> Pay <br>
NOTE <br> 1121ds <br> Kamfor <br>
C <br> = <br> - PAV <br> AQ hCp T <br>
1 <br> Heat Engin <br> W <br> 1 <br> W <br> Snk/a ) <br>
T <br> W <br> T-T2 <br> Ti <br> Ca not Engne <br> T -T <br>
Canst enghe <br> is <br> sersk <br> H A snk s reqreal to ged cotueu <br> dlome. <br> (Upr U) <br> 661) <br> faf <br> of a) <br>
Sin k <br> afa <br> g6 , IY, <br>
Step-I <br> m) <br> b) <br> ste-D <br> sep <br> V <br> step-N <br> nR(T-1) <br>
S <br> Ve <br> sl <br> (K) <br> nR(-Ta)n Rhge <br>
ab/Ro)) <br> 3 <br> nhRoge ( ) (-5) <br> l <br> Cahnot Theern) <br> ink <br>
5 <br> afe <br> 100% <br> T <br> Ta0k <br> Not <br>
2n Grade 2022 <br> Q1 <br> CaseI <br> A <br> Ta 3 00K <br> T <br> 306 <br> 300 - <br> 120 K <br> 5 <br> 407. <br> 200K <br> Case) <br> b800K <br> 300 <br> n' <br> 300 <br> T <br> fats <br> 300K YR <br> 2T, <br> 50/ <br> 750-50 <br> (T:2S0K <br>
2nd Gaolse 2023 Sanalkit) <br> Qo2| <br> h= 00J <br> 1100J <br> ahd Gde 298 <br> T 8o0 K <br> 700 <br> 12 400 K <br> B00 -400 <br> 800 <br> 27 <br> e) 1500J <br> ol <br> Q,= 14 O0J <br> |290c <br>
T 227 C 22 + 233= 50OK <br> T127°c <br> ? <br> d27+23 z400 K <br> 6U-OD <br> 500 <br> 109 <br> Q,SX)DJ <br> Ai5X)o4- X104 <br>
sftas (Rtrgenator) <br> Working <br> Substance <br> oeny colbieied <br>
olansiu <br> ( <br>
Thu' <br> 29)05l2625 <br> SntropA <br> &rtropy <br> Enhropg Lvgit) <br> Entupy <br> (0S), (As), <br> Liqu'a <br> (Ds) <br> so'd <br>
Case <br> ml <br> AQ W <br> h RT <br> |As n Ren <br> V <br> P <br>
Case -L <br> ase-iV <br> AS <br> n Cy^T <br> nGpaT <br> nGpAT <br>
Case <br> S <br> ds <br> nAT <br> nc <br> nCAT <br>
NNOTE| <br> (dQ Tds <br> Cy en 2 4 R n <br> Ti <br> V <br> Tds du + pv <br> dutds - Pdv) <br> (As=o <br> (AS=0 <br> } <br>
1 <br> 1 <br> elan <br> entrepy <br> SrtroFt <br>
teno. <br> tvngratue, <br> olue, <br> nevakle <br> Rerenäble. <br>
NOTE <br> Dtena <br> AS = <br> AQ =TAS <br> TAS PA <br> nAT <br> N PAV <br> Cy <br>
(A0y <br> AU CyAT <br> Astro-cosmophile <br> Telegram Channel Join Karein Aur PDFs <br> Download Karein <br> Scan to Join Telegram Channel <br> @WORLDOFWISDOMSS <br>
A <br> (AQ) <br> genl) <br> enthalp) <br> PAV <br> AH (Aa)p <br> AH AU + PAV]–): <br>
NOTE <br> duds -PV <br> (BHTAS AP=AQtNAY <br> 0 <br> Enthulpt <br>
(i) <br> T1 Q1 H <br> Halm Helty fee Geng <br> FU-TS <br> 6-TS <br>
AF U - A(Ts) <br> dF = dU - TdsS <br> (': U= Tds - Pay) <br> dF= Tds - Pdy TdS - SdT <br> AF - (PAV t SAT <br> Gibbs free EneN) <br> G H- Ts <br> -TS <br>
AGAH- (1s) <br> d G dH- Td- ST <br> dG= Tdst VdP Tds- SdT <br> dG VdP - SdT) <br> |AG AP -SAT <br> (Maxels utog) <br> 1142)crd) <br>
AU= TAS - PAV <br> AF - PAV SAT <br> AH TAS + VAp <br> VAp- SAT. <br> P, v,T S <br> (i) <br> (iv) <br> Telegram Channel Join Karein Aur PDFs <br> Download Karein <br> Scan to Join Telegram Channel <br> @WORLDOFWISDOMSS <br>
:-9). <br> () () <br> AF= ( W)y <br> F UTS <br> >F= PAV - SAT <br> ),-), <br> H U+PV <br> AH =TAS + VAp <br> AH AQt VAP <br> (W)T; p <br> AG <br> 6T <br> o H-TS <br> G <br> VAP <br>
Dnd grad e <br> Ang <br> Drd Grrade <br> Q.5 <br> 2022 <br> PVT <br> (A <br> 'm' <br> ( ), as (), stafa a <br> G H+Ts = UtTS+PV <br> 6 H- PV s +TS^ PV <br> G= H-TS <br> (G H-TS U+PV -TS <br> m An lTT,) <br> Qmc Qn ) <br> () <br> (8) ms en <br> (Ans - B <br> (/) <br>
j6 Gmaole 20n2 <br> Statemnt -A <br> Both Gatemeuts <br> &th <br> &tatemers <br> Statemv <br> atemect <br> A Careot ot B s <br> (Ayne-c) <br>
Ans <br> 2022 <br> R <br> Cp-Cr =R <br> Cv <br> Y-1 <br> Cv <br> - R <br> R <br> Cy <br> VR <br> i) <br> R <br> R <br>
Lst rale so2 <br> af r <br> s) entropy <br> 1PAU <br> V <br> NK <br> N 19 <br> PAU <br>
S) <br> Solh <br> Jstgrade <br> S NK <br> 2010 <br> Vi <br> A) 310K 24bK <br> (Case-) <br> 5 <br> T2 <br> 6 <br> 62 K <br> hl - T2 <br> 3 <br> AS NKRn2 <br> 3724 <br> -62 <br> An-B <br> 310 K <br>
Q.10 <br> 62 <br> 62 <br> T <br> 8on»)fdas <br> (A <br> G)). <br> TI <br> 372 <br> T:s5 Y62 <br> (T-0K) <br>
1st grade <br> Ans <br> V, =V <br> As=? <br> 20)8 <br> IR <br> 3) 2R <br> V 10V <br> 2.303R <br> loge V <br> As XRX <br> AS 2.303 R <br> |AS <br> 2o303 R <br> (Dne -c <br>
Qe <br> (A) 95J <br> Case-T <br> AQ445 J <br> Aw +11J <br> AU 34| <br> 0) 50.J <br> 23ut 16 <br> 503 <br>
Q. 187 <br> 2013 <br> 35 AUt) <br> T,l0oc <br> 27°C <br> 1et gracle 21. <br> P <br> (AQ! <br> 205 <br> 24t 20 <br> T, l00+ 243=373k <br> Ti 21273 =300lk <br> T-TA 373 300 <br> 73 <br> S <br> 3T3 <br> 393 <br>
Avs - <br> 2 <br> :- 229°c 194°c <br> (A) 2x 10 3J <br> T 229°c > <br> 1 <br> (An B <br> () 5x 0J <br> 224 293 5O0K <br> |27 t2432 UooK <br> 510T <br>
Jst grade 2015 <br> 4stgrade <br> 2013 <br> (A <br> E <br> AU =n Cy AT <br> B <br> -1 <br> Deoreases Ronaius <br> eensanf <br> 3R <br> 2 <br> ymono <br> T- con. <br> D) 2R <br> R <br> 3R <br> 2. <br>
R <br> oly <br> = l•64 <br> CpR <br> Jst grade 2013 <br> Zerd <br> R <br> R <br> ftuemfoss <br> Cp R <br> p <br> =l.33 <br> C = <br> R <br> C 3R <br> Ans-eJ <br> Snal Poitive mall negab <br>
Q20 <br> Ahs - <br> Q21 <br> LA 202, <br> T <br> 1a2y0-10O <br> Q, 240T <br> T+233 230K <br> A <br> Oicn one <br> at <br> T) <br> eons oresswe <br> O) 5)) <br> 692K <br> T í2 X280 <br> Loleal <br> ngtve <br> zl <br> (TS72 K <br> the follnsing sltemeuts is <br> AT, <br> (dH) <br> T <br> JT <br> 12 <br> - n Cp <br> zer <br>
Q. 22 <br> Twfce () <br> Same Ccm)) <br> T,3oOK <br> T600 K <br> P P <br> V,V <br> p <br> ( <br> l•5 ter <br> Ans <br>
LA 2022. <br> Q237 the temp. <br> Ans <br> then <br> (A) fhorases <br> LA 20N2 <br> 1, <br> (A <br> temp <br> (44dT) <br> Caruot <br> Werking gweanee <br> nerealeo <br> angbe <br> effelonoy canot engne dapoda <br> 6) Temp. Souee Asink <br> T2 <br> emaine <br> wnehageo <br>
LA 20 29 <br> Qo25 <br> LA.2022. <br> G26 T, 327°c <br> Jof: <br> T 27°c <br> ?, <br> T-T2 <br> T <br> Ane T, 329 +23 600k <br> 6o0 300 <br> Ang - A <br> 600 <br> ) <br>
An <br> AA 20/ <br> Ae <br> cnst. <br> Poisien - <br> T=22g°c <br> Ti 127° <br> 500 co <br> 500 <br> comstan <br> Contut <br> v cnat, <br> TÝre con. <br> eUnat. <br> T, 500K T uo0 K <br> (A) 20O0J <br> 8000J <br> bo0 <br> 5 600J <br> ) <br> 2000T) <br> 10000 <br>
LA2D16 <br> Q. 297 T, = 90°c <br> Ans <br> Gog0 <br> (A) <br> 20 <br> (A <br> 12) <br> TSO 273 363K <br> 30t 273 303 K <br> 363 <br> Cy -R <br> Cp - CvR <br> 363- 303 <br> 363 <br> 20 <br> 12) <br> Cp Cy tR <br>
LA 206 <br> LA 2012 <br> farony <br> YR5) <br> than <br> s c enatant <br> A <br> equals <br> als to B <br>
(A <br> PV <br> P <br> P, <br> P <br> Pz <br> Cent. <br> V <br> V, V <br> V <br> 2V <br> |Pa, 2, <br> 2)2 <br> Py' comát. <br> Pd <br> P <br> P> <br> V <br> ( <br> 2V <br>
LA 908 <br> Ans <br> (A) <br> LA 2018 <br> Qy <br> A <br> - |50J <br> W20J <br> ) <br> AQ= <br> The tbelencfes all <br> opund om (perue <br> 903 <br> (Ve- Ui) - 20 <br> -u0t20 <br> (As-B <br> renehaikle <br> ( <br>
Qo35 <br> Aceordi <br> Po <br> P <br> Halmholtj <br> V <br> () f= U- TS <br> V <br> e) F U-1s 1t pv <br> (0 <br> Cwe <br> AmsB <br> ) F= U 1PV <br> (Ang-A <br>
ml <br> As, 1x80 <br> 273 <br> as, D. 293 <br> total <br> endroy ukadg <br> ) <br> 100°c <br> AS-meloge <br> ,a D.3| 2 <br> AS tota) <br> 33 <br> 100% <br> 373 <br>
ist <br> Is} had 202o (TeohJ <br> Qe38 <br> el- 2016 <br> Ans <br> edropt <br> remas eenata <br> Qeoreose <br> 7 <br> 1 <br> 6) Buorcasat <br> henoaseg <br>
v <br> V <br> ()s|7 <br> A Tds.= dut Pdv <br> e)dTdst Pdv <br> C)U Tds + dQ <br> AU+ W <br> *(w PAU) <br> p <br>
CL 2016 <br> The value o <br> (E <br> TE V <br> TEd v <br> 2 <br> Second law <br> (i) <br> TAS - PAV <br> TEav <br> Ane-A <br> ideal <br>
Ans <br> Cp - Cv =? <br> P <br> -(a). <br> Vi <br> AT <br> AT <br> AT <br> P <br> HU + PV <br> AH AU <br> AU + PAVVAp-AU <br> Cp-Cv= <br> AH-40 <br> PAV t VAp <br> PV +Vdp <br> +.Vdp <br> (Pva) V <br>
NO TE <br> B k <br> E H372ata <br> E aE <br> = P <br> Vlp <br>
CL 2016 <br> Qa entha <br> Athal <br> Af ST <br> dipi = l:293 <br>
Ahs - Enthalpy <br> fem m'2 -2 <br> Ap0 <br> (AHO <br> H-fr <br> T <br> Kami <br> ( <br>
CL-2016 <br> Ans <br> Cl- 20 <br> NOT E <br> G= H-Ts <br> dG VdP-SdT <br> AG V4p SAT <br> () /5 <br> (-gnan) <br>
Ang - <br> Qoy5 <br> pyre conat. <br> (A <br> PaT <br> 2. 5 R <br> sR <br> Ruanoag <br> B11992)d) <br> 3.5| <br> :) <br> R <br> |-X <br> -I=3-3Y <br> 3Y-Y=3 <br> (Mns <br>
C1 213 <br> Ans <br> Q= 250 KO <br> , 250 K <br> T 227c +273 500k <br> 5U <br> 5UD <br> )-0*y <br> (227'c) <br> 2 150 <br> 250 <br> A) 100 KW, 200K <br> |50kW; 250 K <br> 50<W; s00K <br> 200K; 5ok <br> 256 <br> 250 XO6 <br> (Arns <br>
o8|66|9025 <br> (1) <br> (2) <br> (satietfcal Pysfes) <br> Classic <br> Quantum <br> Statiscs <br> Shatfatiog <br>
x, YZ <br> (Phase spaae) <br> (Pestiem phaa space) <br> afszas (Cell) <br> Pa,PyiPz <br> 1 <br> VA, VyVz <br> 6 <br>
H <br> (Wsume) <br> D) <br> N <br> dy <br> NI <br> dPy de <br>
H <br> H <br> V <br> h, <br> ho <br> A. <br>
2ME <br> Px <br> 2 <br> q = <br> + <br> X2 <br> kr? <br> b2 E <br> K <br> b <br> =Jame <br> A-. TT alb <br> A TT 22 <br> A 2 T <br> J E <br> 21 <br> 27 J <br>