The Developing Person Through the Life Span 12th Edition PDF

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The Developing Person
Through the Life Span
TWELFTH EDITION
Kathleen Stassen Berger
Bronx Community College
City University of New York
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About the Author
Kathleen Stassen Berger received her undergraduate degree at
Stanford University and Radcliffe College, and then she earned an
M.A.T. from Harvard University and an M.S. and Ph.D. from Yeshiva
University. Her broad experience as an educator includes directing a
preschool, serving as chair of philosophy at the United Nations
International School, and teaching child and adolescent
development to graduate students at Fordham University in New
York and undergraduates at Montclair State University in New Jersey
and Quinnipiac University in Connecticut. She also taught social
psychology to inmates at Sing Sing Prison who were earning
paralegal degrees.
Currently, Berger is a professor at Bronx Community College of the
City University of New York, as she has been for most of her
professional career. She began there as an adjunct in the English
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Department and for the past decades has been a full professor in the
Social Sciences Department, which includes psychology, sociology,
economics, anthropology, political science, and human services.
She has taught Introduction to Psychology, Child and Adolescent
Development, Adulthood and Aging, Social Psychology, Abnormal
Psychology, and Human Motivation. Her students — from diverse
ethnic, economic, and educational backgrounds, of many ages,
ambitions, and interests — honor her with the highest teaching
evaluations.
Berger is also the author of The Developing Person Through Childhood
and Adolescence , Invitation to the Life Span , and A Topical Approach to
the Developing Person Through the Life Span , as well as
Grandmothering: Building Strong Ties with Every Generation (2019).
Berger’s developmental texts are currently used at more than 700
colleges and universities worldwide and are published in Spanish,
French, Italian, and Portuguese as well as English. Her research
interests include adolescent identity, immigration, bullying, and
grandparents, and she has published articles on developmental
topics in the Wiley Encyclopedia of Psychology , Developmental Review ,
and in publications of the American Association for Higher
Education and the National Education Association for Higher
Education. She continues teaching and learning from her students
as well as from her four daughters and three grandsons.
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Brief Contents
PART 1 The Beginnings
1 The Science of Human Development
2 Theories of Development
3 The New Genetics
4 Prenatal Development and Birth
PART 2 The First Two Years
5 The First Two Years: Biosocial Development
6 The First Two Years: Cognitive Development
7 The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development
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PART 3 Early Childhood
8 Early Childhood: Biosocial Development
9 Early Childhood: Cognitive Development
10 Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development
PART 4 Middle Childhood
11 Middle Childhood: Biosocial Development
12 Middle Childhood: Cognitive Development
13 Middle Childhood: Psychosocial Development
PART 5 Adolescence
14 Adolescence: Biosocial Development
15 Adolescence: Cognitive Development
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16 Adolescence: Psychosocial Development
PART 6 Emerging Adulthood
17 Emerging Adulthood: Biosocial Development
18 Emerging Adulthood: Cognitive Development
19 Emerging Adulthood: Psychosocial Development
PART 7 Adulthood
20 Adulthood: Biosocial Development
21 Adulthood: Cognitive Development
22 Adulthood: Psychosocial Development
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PART 8 Late Adulthood
23 Late Adulthood: Biosocial Development
24 Late Adulthood: Cognitive Development
25 Late Adulthood: Psychosocial Development
26 Death, Bereavement, and Affirmation of Life
Appendix: More About Research Methods
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
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Contents
Preface
PART 1 The Beginnings
1 The Science of Human Development
Understanding How and Why
The Scientific Method
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Do You Need Friends?
The Nature–Nurture Controversy
The Life-Span Perspective
Development Is Multidirectional
Development Is Multicontextual
Development Is Multicultural
A CASE TO STUDY: A Very Rude Child?
Development Is Multidisciplinary
29

Development Is Plastic
Doing Science
Three Methods of Science
The Designs of Developmental Science
Cautions and Challenges from Science
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Science and Truth
Correlation and Causation
Quantity and Quality
Ethics
2 Theories of Development
Theories of Development
Theory and Practice
Theories and Facts
Grand Theories
Psychodynamic Theory: Freud and Erikson
Behaviorism: Conditioning and Learning
Cognitive Theory: Piaget and Neuroscience
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Measuring Mental Activity
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Thinking and Perspective
Newer Theories
Sociocultural Theory
Evolutionary Theory
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Historical
Highlights of Developmental Science
What Theories Contribute
30

CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Toilet Training —
How and When?
3 The New Genetics
The Genetic Code
2 to 1 to 46 to 21,000 to 3 Billion
Same and Different
Matching Genes and Chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Too Many Boys?
New Cells, New People
Cells and Identity
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Golden Rice
In Vitro Fertilization
Twins and More
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: One Baby or More?
From Genotype to Phenotype
Many Factors
A CASE TO STUDY: Women Engineers
Gene–Gene Interactions
Nature and Nurture
Practical Applications
Chromosomal and Genetic Differences
Not Exactly 46
Gene Disorders
Genetic Counseling
CAREER ALERT: The Genetic Counselor
31

4 Prenatal Development and Birth
Prenatal Development
Germinal: The First 14 Days
Embryo: From Weeks Three to Eight
Fetus: From the Ninth Week Until Birth
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Essential Connections
Birth
Variations in How and Where
The Newborn’s First Minutes
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: The Apgar
Medical Assistance at Birth
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Drugs in the Birth
Process
Problems and Solutions
Risk Analysis
Teratogens
A CASE TO STUDY: He Cannot Get the Right Words
Out
Limiting Harm
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Psychological Disorders
Low Birthweight: Causes and Consequences
The New Family
The Newborn
Birth Parents
Partners
Family Bonding
32

PART 2 The First Two Years
5 The First Two Years: Biosocial Development
Body Changes
Body Size
Sleep
Brain Development
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Neuroscience Vocabulary
Harming the Infant Body and Brain
Perceiving and Moving
The Senses
Motor Skills
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Sticky Mittens
Cultural Variations
Surviving in Good Health
Nutrition
Considering Culture
A CASE TO STUDY: Scientist at Work
Immunization
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Immunization
6 The First Two Years: Cognitive Development
33

The Eager Mind
Listening to Learn
Looking to Learn
How to Learn
Infant Memory
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Intelligence
Stages One and Two: Primary Circular Reactions
Stages Three and Four: Secondary Circular
Reactions
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: How to Measure
Object Permanence
Stages Five and Six: Tertiary Circular Reactions
Language in the First Two Years
The Universal Sequence
A CASE TO STUDY: Early Speech
Theories of Language Learning
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Early
Communication and Language
All True?
7 The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development
Emotional Development
Early Emotions
Toddlers’ Emotions
Temperament and Personality
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Temperament over the
Years
34

The Development of Social Bonds
Synchrony
Attachment
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Attachment
Parenting
A CASE TO STUDY: Can We Bear This
Commitment?
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Developing
Attachment
Social Referencing
All Partners
Theories of Infant Psychosocial Development
Psychoanalytic Theory
Behaviorism
Cognitive Theory
Evolutionary Theory
Who Should Care for Babies?
Baby Care
International Baby Care
Baby Care by Fathers, Grandmothers, and Sisters
Conclusions from the Science
35

PART 3 Early Childhood
8 Early Childhood: Biosocial Development
Body Changes
Growth Patterns
Nutrition
Brain Growth
Myelination
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Connected Hemispheres
Maturation of the Prefrontal Cortex
Stress and the Brain
Advancing Motor Skills
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Developing Motor
Skills
Avoidable Injury
Describing Prevention
A CASE TO STUDY: “My Baby Swallowed Poison”
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Getting Research to the
Authorities
Child Maltreatment
Discovering the “Battered Child”
36

Definitions and Statistics
Consequences of Maltreatment
Preventing Harm
9 Early Childhood: Cognitive Development
Thinking During Early Childhood
Executive Function
Children’s Theories
INSIDE THE BRAIN: The Role of Experience
Two Theories of Cognition
Piaget: Preoperational Thought
A CASE TO STUDY: Stones in the Belly
Vygotsky: Social Learning
Language as a Tool
Language Learning
The Sensitive Time for Language Learning
Acquiring Grammar
Learning Two Languages
Early-Childhood Schooling
Homes and Schools
Child-Centered Programs
Teacher-Directed Programs
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Comparing Child-
Centered and Teacher-Directed Preschools
Intervention Programs
CAREER ALERT: The Preschool Teacher
37

VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Early-Childhood
Schooling
10 Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development
Emotional Development
Emotion Regulation
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Waiting for the
Marshmallow
Motivation
Play
Other Children
Social Play
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: More Play Time,
Less Screen Time
Challenges for Caregivers
Styles of Caregiving
Discipline
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Spare the Rod?
Teaching Right and Wrong
Becoming Boys and Girls: Sex and Gender
Gender in Early Childhood
Theories of Sex and Gender
A CASE TO STUDY: The Berger Daughters
38

PART 4 Middle Childhood
11 Middle Childhood: Biosocial Development
A Healthy Time
Habits and Health
Physical Activity
Motor Skills and Education
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Making Music
Health Challenges in Middle Childhood
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Childhood Obesity
Around the World
CAREER ALERT: Health Care Professionals
Brain Development
Brains and Motion
Measuring the Mind
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: The Flynn Effect
Children with Distinct Educational Needs
Many Causes, Many Symptoms
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Drugs for
Children
39

Specific Learning Disorders
A CASE TO STUDY: The Gifted and Talented
Special Education
12 Middle Childhood: Cognitive Development
Thinking
Piaget on Middle Childhood
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Two or Twenty
Pills a Day?
Vygotsky and Culture
Neuroscience
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Coordination and Capacity
Language
Vocabulary
CAREER ALERT: The Speech Therapist
Teaching and Learning
The Curriculum
Schooling in the United States
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Education in
Middle Childhood
13 Middle Childhood: Psychosocial Development
The Nature of the Child
Industry and Inferiority
Resilience and Stress
Families During Middle Childhood
Shared and Nonshared Environments
Function and Structure
40

Family Structures
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Family Structures
Around the World
Family Trouble
Other Children
The Culture of Children
Friendships
Bullying
Children’s Morality
A CASE TO STUDY: Stop and Think
PART 5 Adolescence
14 Adolescence: Biosocial Development
Puberty Begins
Sequence
Unseen Beginnings
Body Rhythms
Brain Growth
41

INSIDE THE BRAIN: Lopsided Growth
When Will Puberty Begin?
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Stress and Puberty
Growth and Nutrition
Growing Bigger and Stronger
Diet Deficiencies
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Satisfied with Your
Body?
Sexual Maturation
Sexual Characteristics
Sexual Activity
Sexual Problems in Adolescence
15 Adolescence: Cognitive Development
Self and Logic
Egocentrism
Formal Operational Thought
Modes of Thinking
Dual Processing
Intuition Versus Analysis
A CASE TO STUDY: Biting the Policeman
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Longevity Versus
Immediate Approval
Secondary Education
Definitions and Facts
Measuring Education
42

VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: How Many
Adolescents Are in School?
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Creating a Valid Test
Engaged Students
CAREER ALERT: The Teacher
Attitudes About Learning
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Save for a Rainy Day?
16 Adolescence: Psychosocial Development
Identity
Not Yet Achieved
Arenas of Identity Formation
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Where Are You
From?
Close Relationships
Family
A CASE TO STUDY: The Naiveté of Your Author
Peer Power
Learning About Sex
Technology and Human Relationships
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Adolescent
Bullying
Sadness and Anger
Depression and Anxiety
Delinquency and Defiance
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Impulses, Rewards, and
Reflection
43

Drug Abuse
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Morals, Values, and Drug
Use
Specific Drugs
PART 6 Emerging Adulthood
17 Emerging Adulthood: Biosocial Development
Biological Universals
A New Stage
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: WEIRD People
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Highlights in the
Journey to Adulthood
Appearance
Body Systems
Health and Sickness
Examples of Load and Balancing
44

A CASE TO STUDY: Anita, the Exercise-Deficient
Basketball Star
Long-Term Effects on the Body
Sexual Activity
Clashing Sex Drives
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Premarital Sex
Unexpected Pregnancy
Taking Risks
Who Are the Risk-Takers?
Benefits and Dangers
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: An Adrenaline
Junkie
18 Emerging Adulthood: Cognitive Development
A New Level of Thinking
Postformal Thought
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Really a Stage?
Dialectical Thought
A CASE TO STUDY: Fire and Alcohol
Ethics and Religion
Measuring Morality
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: COVID-19
Vaccination
Looking at Religion
Doing the Right Thing
Cognitive Growth and Higher Education
Health and Wealth
45

A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Women and College
College and Cognition
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Why Study?
19 Emerging Adulthood: Psychosocial Development
Who Am I Now?
Moratorium
Identity Continued
Vocational Identity
CAREER ALERT: The Career Counselor
Social Connections: Family and Friends
COVID-19 and Isolation
The Family
Friendship
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Hookups
Romantic Partners
Finding a Partner
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Marital Status in
the United States
Living Together
A CASE TO STUDY: My Students, My Daughters,
and Me
Intimate Partner Violence
Concluding Hopes
46

PART 7 Adulthood
20 Adulthood: Biosocial Development
Growing Older
Appearance
The Inner Organs
The Sexual-Reproductive System
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Hormone Replacement
Other Health Hazards
Drug Use
Psychoactive Drugs
47

Obesity
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Adult Overweight
Around the World
Measuring Health
Mortality
Morbidity
Disability
Vitality
Cost-Benefit Analysis
21 Adulthood: Cognitive Development
Adult Intelligence
Inborn IQ
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Connections and Concepts
Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Research
CONTRASTING PERSPECTIVES: Cohort Changes
Dimensions of Intelligence
Fluid and Crystalized Intelligence
Three Forms of Intelligence
Cognitive Hazards
Genes and the Brain
Trauma
Selective Cognition
Multitasking
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Media Use Among
U.S. Adults
Expert Cognition
48

A CASE TO STUDY: Playing the Piano
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Parenting Expertise
22 Adulthood: Psychosocial Development
Personality Development in Adulthood
Erikson’s Theory
Maslow’s Theory of Personality
The Big Five
Common Themes
Intimacy: Connecting with Others
Romantic Partners
Beyond Partnerships
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Family
Connections
Generativity: The Work of Adulthood
Parenthood
Caregiving
Employment
A CASE TO STUDY: A Shocking Win
Finding the Balance
49

PART 8 Late Adulthood
23 Late Adulthood: Biosocial Development
Prejudice and Predictions
Demography and Ageism
The Special Harm
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: I’m Not Like Those Other
Old People
Truth and Stereotype
What Kind of “Old”?
Adjusting to Changes
Microsystem Compensation: Sex
A CASE TO STUDY: Sex Among Older Adults
Macrosystem Compensation: Driving
VISUALIZING DEVELOPMENT: Elders Behind the
Wheel
Exosystem Compensation: The Senses
Primary and Secondary Aging
Compression of Morbidity
50

The Developing Person Through the Life Span 12th Edition PDF

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