Syllabus_Early_Indian_Architecture_MA_Sem1.pptx

Syllabus_Early_Indian_Architecture_MA_Sem1.pptx

• 1.
  M.A. Semester I| Art & Architecture | Course I Historical Account of Early Indian Architecture Introductory Lecture Unit I: Terminologies Unit II: Proto-historic to Mauryan Unit III: Stūpa Architecture Unit IV: Stūpa — Deccan & South Unit V: Rock-Cut Architecture 1 Hour Lecture Sachin Kr. Tiwary
• 2.
  Course Overview About ThisCourse 📚 Group-B: Art & Architecture 📖 Course I 🎓 M.A. Semester I ️ ⏱️ 1-Hour Introductory Lecture ️ 🗺️ 5 Units · 18 Topics 5 Units at a Glance I Terminologies & Methods of Study II Proto-historic to Mauryan Period III Origin & Evolution of Stūpa Architecture IV Stūpa of Deccan & South India V Origin & Development of Rock-Cut Architecture
• 3.
  UNIT I Terminologies and Methodsof Study Understanding the Language of Architecture
• 4.
  Unit I:1_Understanding Architecture KeyArchitectural Elements 📐 Plan A bird's-eye, horizontal cross-section view showing the layout and spatial organization of a structure ️ 🏛️ Elevation The frontal, vertical face of a building — shows height, proportions and decorative elements ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️Section A vertical cut through a building revealing interior construction, roof types and structural depth 🌉 Arches & Vaults Curved structural elements used to span openings; vaults extend the arch into a roof form ️ ⛩️ Domes Hemispherical roof forms derived from rotated arches — symbolically significant in Buddhist & Hindu architecture 🗿 Pillars & Capitals Vertical supports topped by decorated capitals (e.g., Mauryan lion capitals) — central to Indian monumental architecture
• 5.
  Unit I:2_Types ofArchitecture Secular vs Religious - Two Parallel Traditions SECULAR Architecture ️ 🏙️Town Planning (Harappa, Pataliputra) ️ 🏚️Residential & civic structures ️ 🏛️Palaces & administrative buildings 🌊 Drainage systems & granaries ️ 🛤️Roads, gateways & fortifications RELIGIOUS Architecture ☸️Buddhist: Stūpas, Vihāras, Caityas ️ 🕉️Hindu: Temples, Mandapas ⚜️Jain: Temples, Cave shrines 🪨 Rock-cut Caves (various faiths) 📿 Monumental Pillars & Capitals
• 6.
  UNIT II Proto-historic to MauryanPeriod c. 2600 BCE – 185 BCE
• 7.
  Unit II: IndusValley Civilization (c. 2600–1900 BCE) Town Planning & Architecture of Major Sites 1 Harappa Punjab (Pakistan) • Grid-plan street layout • Citadel + lower town division • Granaries & working floors • Standardized fired brick 2 Mohenjo-daro Sindh (Pakistan) • Great Bath — ritual water tank • Pillared assembly hall • Sophisticated drainage system • Steatite seals & script 3 Kalibangan Rajasthan, India • Fire altars — evidence of ritual • Ploughed field — earliest known • Pre-Harappan & Harappan layers • Mud-brick fortifications 4 Lothal Gujarat, India • Tidal dockyard — maritime trade • Warehouse & bead factory • Lower town with brick houses • Evidence of town planning
• 8.
  Unit II: LiterarySources on Architecture Vaidika Literature (Topic 4) Rigveda references to púr (fortified settlements) Descriptions of sabhā (assembly halls) and samiti Atharvaveda — details of house construction & rituals References to prāsāda (palaces) and harmya (mansions) Concept of vāstu — site selection and planning Kau ilya's Arthaśāstra ṭ (Topic 5 — c. 4th century BCE) Prescribes ideal durgā (fortified capital) layout King's palace at centre with concentric zones Detailed town planning: roads, water, markets Rajamārga (royal road) widths specified Guilds of artisans regulated by the state
• 9.
  Unit II: MauryanTown-Planning & Architecture Pāṭaliputra & Rājagrha — Topic 6 | c. 321–185 BCE ️ 🏙️Pā aliputra ṭ (Modern Patna, Bihar) • Capital of the Mauryan Empire • Described by Megasthenes in Indica • Wooden palisade with 570 towers • 80-pillared Aśokan assembly hall • Remains of polished stone pillars found • Ganga & Son rivers as natural moats ️ ⛩️Rājagrha (Modern Rajgir, Bihar) • Pre-Mauryan Magadha capital • Old (inner) & New (outer) city • Cyclopean stone fortification walls • Associated with Buddha & Mahavira • Saptaparni Cave — 1st Buddhist Council • Natural hill fortress formation
• 10.
  UNIT III Origin andEvolution of Stūpa Architecture North Indian Stūpa Architecture | Topics 7–10
• 11.
  Unit III: CharacteristicFeatures of North Indian Stūpa Stūpa Diagram ← Chatra (Umbrella) ← Harmikā (Railing) ← Āṇḍa (Dome) ← Drum / Medhi ← Vedikā / Base Bharhut (Topic 8) Madhya Pradesh, c. 100 BCE • Sandstone railing with vedikā • Elaborate narrative reliefs (Jātaka tales) • Lotus medallions and yakṣa figures Sānchi (Topic 9) Madhya Pradesh, c. 3rd BCE–1st CE • Great Stūpa (Stūpa No. 1) — Aśokan origin • Four toraṇas (gateways) with rich sculpture • Multiple stūpas — developmental sequence Mathurā (Topic 10) Uttar Pradesh • Red spotted sandstone tradition • Buddhist, Jain & Brahmanical sculpture • Gandhāra influence assimilation Sarnath (Topic 10) Uttar Pradesh (Deer Park) • Site of Buddha's first sermon (Dharmacakra) • Aśokan pillar — Lion Capital (national emblem) • Dhamekh Stūpa — cylindrical form
• 12.
  UNIT IV Stūpa ofDeccan and South India Amarāvatī · Nāgārjunakoṇḍa · Sannati | Topics 11–13
• 13.
  Unit IV: StūpaArchitecture — Deccan & South India A distinct regional tradition with elaborate sculptural programmes 11 Amarāvatī Andhra Pradesh, c. 2nd cent. BCE – 3rd cent. CE Mahācaitya — one of the largest stūpas in India White marble medallions with narrative sculpture Unique "drum slab" style unique to Andhra region Five projecting toranas at cardinal directions Excavated by Colin Mackenzie (1797) 12 Nāgārjunako a ṇḍ Andhra Pradesh, c. 2nd–3rd century CE Valley site (now submerged — rescued before Krishna dam) Multiple stūpas of Ikṣvāku dynasty Elaborate apsidal caitya halls Limestone sculpture — narrative panels Museum on island preserves the finds 13 Sannati Karnataka, c. 2nd century BCE – 1st century CE Significant Aśokan inscription discovered here Important Mauryan–Sātavāhana period stūpa Limestone sculptural panels — Amarāvatī style Located on banks of river Bhīma Recently excavated — ongoing research site
• 14.
  UNIT V Origin andDevelopment of Rock-Cut Architecture Topics 14–18 | Barābara to Brahmanical & Jain Caves
• 15.
  Unit V: Rock-CutArchitecture — Buddhist Caves Topics 14, 15 & 16 — Barābara · Hīnayāna · Mahāyāna Barābara & Nāgārjunī Caves Topic 14 · Bihar, c. 3rd cent. BCE Earliest rock-cut caves in India Excavated by Aśoka for Ājīvika sect Highly polished interior surfaces Lomas Rishi Cave — wooden arch façade imitated in stone Sudāmā & Viśvajhopā Caves also here Hīnayāna Vihāra & Chaityag ha ṛ Topic 15 · Maharashtra, c. 2nd–1st cent. BCE Bhājā, Beḍsā, Kondivite Chaitya hall: apsidal hall with rock-cut stūpa Vihāra: cell-lined hall for monastic residence Horse-shoe arch (chaitya window) facade Wooden ribs & façade elements (some survived) Mahāyāna Vihāra & Chaityag ha ṛ Topic 16 · Maharashtra, c. 5th–8th cent. CE Ajanta & Ellora: flowering of Mahāyāna art Buddha images now prominently placed in apse Ajanta — narrative fresco painting tradition Elaborate carved façades and interiors Kailasanath Temple — most ambitious rock-cut
• 16.
  Unit V: Brahmanical& Jain Cave Architecture Topics 17 & 18 — Ellora, Elephanta, Udayagiri, Khandagiri ️ 🕉️Brahmanical Caves Topic 17 Ellora — Kailasa Temple (Cave 16) Rāṣṭrakūṭa, c. 8th cent. CE — carved top-down as monolith Ellora — Dhumar Lena (Cave 29) Śaiva cave, cruciform plan, massive Śiva images Elephanta (Mumbai) Śaiva cave — magnificent Mahēśamūrti (Trimūrti), c. 6th CE Panel iconography Sadāśiva, Naṭarāja, Ardhanārīśvara — theological programme ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️ ️Jain Caves Topic 18 Udayagiri & Khandagiri (Odisha) c. 1st cent. BCE — Jain monarch Khāravela's patronage Hāthīgumphā inscription Khāravela's 13-line record carved in Udayagiri Ra igumphā (Double-storeyed) ṇ Sculptured friezes — scenes of dance & procession Ellora Jain Caves (30–34) Dilwara-style ornate interiors, later medieval period
• 17.
  Recommended Reading Agrawala, P.K. Prāchīna Bhāratīya Kalā evam Vāstu Varanasi, 2002 Agrawala, V. S. Heritage of Indian Art New Delhi, 1964 Agrawala, V. S. Studies in Indian Art Varanasi, 1965 Brown, P. Indian Architecture (Buddhist & Hindu Period) Vol. I Bombay, 1971 Fergussion, J. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture Delhi, 1994 Harle, J. C. Art & Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent London, 1986 Majumdar, R. C. (ed.) History and Culture of Indian People (Relevant Volumes) Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay Rowland, B. Art & Architecture of India Harmondsworth, 1970
• 18.
  Thank You Historical Accountof Early Indian Architecture M.A. Semester I | Art & Architecture | Course I Unit I: Terminologies Unit II: Proto-historic to Mauryan Unit III: Stūpa North India Unit IV: Stūpa Deccan & South Unit V: Rock-Cut Caves