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Swarm intelligence

Swarm intelligence refers to the design of algorithms and problem-solving systems inspired by the collective behavior of social insects and other animal societies, where simple agents exhibit complex group behaviors without a central leader. Examples in nature include ant colonies, bird flocks, and fish schools, and this form of intelligence is implemented in various AI algorithms like Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Applications of swarm intelligence span multiple fields, including robotics, military operations, and medical research, highlighting both its advantages in scalability and flexibility as well as its challenges related to efficiency and control.

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Introduces swarm intelligence, defining it as behavior inspired by social insects and other animal societies.

Discusses swarm intelligence in robots and insects, emphasizing decentralized control, local interactions, and self-organization.

Details on self-organization principles and examples including ants, birds, and traffic systems showcasing collective behavior.

Examines specific roles of leafcutter, weaver, and army ants in effective foraging and colony organization.

Explains direct and indirect interactions among swarm members, highlighting communication methods.

Introduction to two algorithms: Ant Colony Optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization, explaining their functions and origins.

Describes the pheromone marking process in ants for food search, emphasizing shortest path discovery.

Lists applications of swarm intelligence algorithms in fields like robotics, military, and medical research.

Explains benefits of swarm systems, including scalability, flexibility, robustness, and adaptability.

Discusses inefficiencies, uncontrollable nature, unpredictability, and challenges in understanding complex swarm systems.Raises questions about the origins of intelligence in swarms and how individual actions contribute to group dynamics.

Highlights collective behaviors in natural settings including bird flocks, fish schools, and bacteria.

Describes various group dynamics, including flocks escaping threats and synchronized actions during attacks.

Discusses the rapid communication and decision-making processes in swarms, including migration and food search.

Highlights innovative applications of swarm principles in fields like robotics, aircraft operations, and logistics optimization.

Explores how groups, like bees and traders, utilize democratic methods for decision-making to choose optimal outcomes.

Examines how individuals in groups can exhibit different behavior compared to when alone, showcasing locusts and fish.

Describes the fluid and artistic patterns of flocking birds, emphasizing non-leadership in coordination.

Concludes the presentation, thanking viewers for their attention.

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Swarm intelligence With SivaramanVelmurugan
Swarm intelligence Definition:- Any attempt to design algorithms or distributed problem- solving devices inspired by the collective behavior of social insect colonies and other animal societies” (Bonabeau, Dorigo, Theraulaz: Swarm Intelligence) 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 2
It’s “the behaviour of a population of simple agents who aggregate behaviour exhibits intelligence unknown to the individual agents. Groups exhibiting swarm intelligence have no central leader but rather members interact with each other based solely on information they have locally. Examples in nature include ant colonies, flocks of birds, schools of fish, and bacterial growth.” 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 3 Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 4 Swarm intelligence swarm of robots swarm of Ants Swarm of birds Swarm of Flying robots cooperating together
Swarm intelligence What is meant by Swarm Intelligence? • It is an artificial intelligence (AI) technique based on the collective behavior in decentralized, self-organized systems • Generally made up of agents who interact with each other and the environment • No centralized control structures • Based on group behavior found in nature 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 5
Swarm intelligence What is meant by Swarm Intelligence? • Insects have a few hundred brain cells • However, organized insects have been known for: • Architectural marvels • Complex communication systems • Resistance to hazards in nature • In the 1950’s E.O.Wilson observed: • A single ant acts (almost) randomly • often leading to its own demise • A colony of ants provides food and protection for the entire population 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 6
Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 7 Medium Real Ant nests,Taken from the earth
Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 8 What is meant by Swarm Intelligence? • This huge Ant colony Concrete, that has been Excavated from earth in several weeks. • This Colony has roads with shortest path between every two points.
Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 9 What is meant by Swarm Intelligence? • Characteristic • Composed of many individuals • Individuals are homogeneous • Local interaction based on simple rules • Self-organization
Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 10 What is meant by Swarm Intelligence? • Four Ingredients of Self Organization • Positive Feedback • Negative Feedback • Amplification of Fluctuations – randomness • Reliance on multiple interactions
Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 11 Example Original Example: Swarm of Bees • Ant colony - Agents: ants • Flock of birds- Agents: birds • Traffic - Agents: cars • Crowd - Agents: humans • Immune system - Agents: cells and molecules
Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 12 Cont. Example… • Ant Colony • Every single insect in a social insect colony seems to have its own agenda, and yet an insect colony looks so organized. • The seamless integration of all individual activities does not seem to require any supervisor. • For Example there is in one colony different type of workers: • Leafcutter Ants • Weaver Ants • Army Ants
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 13 Swarm intelligence • Leafcutter Ants • cut leaves from plants and trees • Workers forage for leaves hundreds of meters away from the nest • literally organizing highways to and from their foraging sites
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 14 Swarm intelligence • Weaver Ants • workers form chains of their own bodies, allowing them to cross wide gaps and pull stiff leaf edges together to form a nest • Several chains can join to form a bigger one over which workers run back and forth. • Such chains create enough force to pull leaf edges together.
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 15 Swarm intelligence • Army Ants • organize impressive hunting raids, involving up to 200,000 workers, during which they collect thousands of prey
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 16 Swarm intelligence • Ant Colony Swarm benefits: • Ants forage better. • Settle in organized home. • Defend it self against predators • Social Insects have survived for millions of years.
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 17 Swarm intelligence Cont. Examples, How to Interact? • Direct Interactions • Food/liquid exchange, visual contact, chemical contact (pheromones) • Indirect Interactions (Stigmergy) • Individual behavior modifies the environment, which in turn modifies the behavior of other individuals
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 18 Swarm intelligence ACO and PSO Algorithms • Two Common SI Algorithms • Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) • Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 19 Swarm intelligence PSO Algorithms • PSO • A population based stochastic optimization technique Searches for an optimal solution in the computable search space. • Developed in 1995 by Dr. Eberhart and Dr. Kennedy.
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 20 Swarm intelligence PSO Algorithms Cont.… • PSO • In PSO individuals strive to improve themselves and often achieve this by observing and imitating their neighbors. • Each PSO individual has the ability to remember. • Inspiration: Swarms of Bees, Flocks of Birds, Schools of Fish.
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 21 Swarm intelligence ACO Algorithms • ACO • Optimization Technique Proposed by Marco Dorigo in the early ’90 • Heuristic optimization method inspired by biological systems • Multi-agent approach for solving difficult combinatorial optimization problems • Has become new and fruitful research area
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 22 Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 23 Swarm intelligence ACO Algorithms Cont.… • ACO • The way ants find their food in shortest path is interesting. • Ants secrete pheromones to remember their path. • These pheromones evaporate with time. • Whenever an ant finds food , it marks its return journey with pheromones.
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 24 Swarm intelligence ACO Algorithms Cont.… • ACO • Pheromones evaporate faster on longer paths. (Evaporation) • Shorter paths serve as the way to food for most of the other ants. • The shorter path will be reinforced by the pheromones further. (Reinforcement) • Finally , the ants arrive at the shortest path. (Establishment)
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 25 Swarm intelligence Applications and Recent Developments • Some applications Uses S.I Algorithms : • Movie effects • Lord of the Rings • Happy Feet • Network Routing • ACO Routing • Swarm Robotics • Swarm bots
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 26 Swarm intelligence Movies Used Swarm Intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 27 Swarm intelligence Applications and Recent Developments Cont.… Other Recent developed • Human tremor analysis • Human performance assessment • Ingredient mix optimization
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 28 Swarm intelligence Applications and Recent Developments Cont.… Other Recent developed • Evolving neural networks to solve problems. • U.S. Military is applying SI techniques to control of unmanned vehicles. • NASA is applying SI techniques for planetary mapping. • Medical Research is trying SI based controls for nanobots to fight cancer.
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 29 Swarm intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages • Advantages • The systems are scalable because the same control architecture can be applied to a couple of agents or thousands of agents • The systems are flexible because agents can be easily added or removed without influencing the structure
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 30 Swarm intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Cont.… • Advantages • The systems are robust because agents are simple in design, the reliance on individual agents is small, and failure of a single agents has little impact on the system’s performance • The systems are able to adapt to new situations easily
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 31 Swarm intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Cont.… • Disadvantages • Non-optimal – Because swarm systems are highly redundant and have no central control, they tend to be inefficient. The allocation of resources is not efficient, and duplication of effort is always rampant. • Uncontrollable – It is very difficult to exercise control over a swarm.
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 32 Swarm intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Cont.… • Disadvantages • Non-optimal – Because swarm systems are highly redundant and have no central control, they tend to be inefficient. The allocation of resources is not efficient, and duplication of effort is always rampant. • Uncontrollable – It is very difficult to exercise control over a swarm.
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 33 Swarm intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Cont.… • Disadvantages • Unpredictable – The complexity of a swarm system leads to unforeseeable results. • Non-understandable – Sequential systems are understandable; complex adaptive systems, instead, are a jumble of intersecting logic. • Non-immediate – complex swarm systems with rich hierarchies take time. The more complex the swarm, the longer it takes to shift states
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 34 Swarm intelligence o Where this intelligence comes from raises a fundamental question in nature? o How do the simple actions of individuals add up to the complex behaviour of a group? o How do hundreds of honeybees make a critical decision about their hive if many of them disagree? o What enables a school of herring to coordinate its movements so precisely it can change direction in a flash, like a single, silvery organism? The collective abilities of such animals—none of which grasps the big picture, but each of which contributes to the group's success Swarm intelligence
Ants are not smart. But colonies are smart. So what’s amazing about ants is that in the aggregate, all of these inept creatures accomplish amazing feats as colonies. In an ant colony, there’s nobody in charge. There are no managers. There is nobody telling anybody what to do. The queen does not give rules. She just sits there and lays eggs.” – CBS News - Small wonders :-What ants can teach us. 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 35 Swarm intelligence
Flocks of birds 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 36 Swarm intelligence
Schools of fish 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 37 Swarm intelligence
Bacterial growth 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 38 Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 39 Political agitation (No comments) Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 40 Cinema first show (No comments) Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 41 Driving @ Intersection (No comments) Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 42 Harmonious Flight The ability of animal groups - such as this flock of starlings - to shift shape as one, even when they have no leader, reflects the genius of collective behaviour - something scientists are now tapping to solve human problems. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 43 Harmonious Flight Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 44 Mass Escape A peregrine falcon on the attack forces a flock of starlings to take evasive action, moving together as one. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 45 Mass Escape Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 46 Instant Messaging Because each individual is paying close attention to its neighbours, news travels fast through a school of bigeye jack near Cocos Island in the Pacific. The fish follow simple rules that keep the group alert: stick together, avoid collisions, and swim in the same direction. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 47 Instant Messaging Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 48 On the Move Wildebeests crossing the Mara River in Kenya may be able to follow a migration route even if only a few of them know the way, say researchers using a computer model of herd behaviour. Never mind that the informed animals aren't trying to lead. The rest follow anyway. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 49 On the Move Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 50 Modern-day Plague Locusts beyond number rise in a single black cloud in Mauritania, devouring every crop in their path and leaving hunger or starvation in their wake. Finding ways to prevent such plagues depends on a deeper understanding of swarm theory and the surprising ways it affects our lives. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 51 Modern-day Plague Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 52 Conveyer-belt Behaviour Leafcutter ants (Atta colombica) in Panama carry bits of vegetation to their nest, where collaborating teams of ants transport, clean, cut up, crush, mold, and pack the material into compost piles. Still other ants tend the piles to grow fungi, the main food source for the colony's young. Because a colony of several million leafcutters relies upon cooperation to survive, biologists sometimes describe it as a superorganism. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 53 Conveyer-belt Behaviour Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 54 Conveyer-belt Behaviour Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 55 Arboreal Light Show A tree ablaze with fireflies in Indonesia blinks on and off as each insect adjusts its flashes to match the others. Such self-organized behaviour resembles the synchronized firing of heart muscle cells or the rhythmic applause of a crowd - but seems more mysterious. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 56 Arboreal Light Show Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 57 Colour-coordinated A red colour ring means "grab me," a blue one "stay away," as robots in a Brussels lab converge to form a single unit. Their goal: to accomplish something together they can't do alone, such as moving a heavy object. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 58 Colour-coordinated Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 59 High-tech Teamwork A team of inch-long (three centimetres) robots spreads out through a mock-up of a turbine engine in a laboratory of the Swarm-Intelligent Systems Group at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne in Switzerland. To speed the task of inspecting each blade, these experimental units can signal neighbours through infrared sensors. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 60 High-tech Teamwork Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 61 Communal Breadwinners Army ants work together to find food to haul back to the group. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 62 Communal Breadwinners Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 63 From Ant Trails to Truck Routes Tanker trucks with cargoes of liquid nitrogen, oxygen, and argon in Pasadena, Texas, are assigned delivery routes by dispatchers using a computer program inspired by the foraging behaviour of ants. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 64 From Ant Trails to Truck Routes Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 65 Working Smarter When Southwest Airlines wanted to expand its package delivery business, but ramp workers complained that they were already doing a lot of extra handling of packages, the airline asked a consulting firm to look into it. Using a computer simulation based on the foraging behaviour of ants, the consultants advised the workers to change their rules of thumb for routing packages. Instead of using the "hot potato" strategy—putting a package on the next flight heading in the general direction of the final destination—they recommended waiting for the next plane going to that destination, even if it meant a delay of several hours. The result: a 50 to 85 percent reduction in the number of packages transferred by ramp workers at their six busiest locations. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 66 Working Smarter Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 67 Democratic Decisions Even though swarming honeybees frequently differ about where to establish a new nest, the group usually chooses the best site. Bees reach this decision by gathering information, conducting independent evaluations, and holding a kind of vote. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 68 Democratic Decisions Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 69 Driving Force Chicago traders swarm on the stock exchange floor, driving the price of soybean futures with the same practices - fact-finding, independent study, and voting - used by swarming honeybees in search of a new site to nest. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 70 Driving Force Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 71 Mob Mentality In high spirits, a well-dressed crowd at Ascot Racecourse near London celebrates a day of horse races with singing and patriotic flag waving. Individuals in a densely packed group tend to act differently from the way they would on their own, scientists say, not unlike a herd of animals. So event organizers need to take special care to keep participants from panicking as they exit such events. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 72 Mob Mentality Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 73 Water Ballet Kids from a summer day camp watch a school of golden trevally swim by at the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta. The ability of schools to stick together as they move through the water, which is beautiful to observe, still holds mysteries for biologists trying to understand the principles of collective motion. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 74 Water Ballet Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 75 Gathering Storm Biologists in an Oxford lab show that when otherwise harmless juvenile locusts get too crowded, they will suddenly align themselves and march in the same direction, triggering a potentially devastating swarm. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 76 Gathering Storm Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 77 Aerial Art Flocks of starlings in Rome, Italy, twist and turn into curious shapes. The birds are not following leaders as they perform such manoeuvres, biologists say, but rather acting as a group in which individual birds constantly change their position. Swarm intelligence
4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 78 Aerial Art Swarm intelligence
ThankYou With SivaramanVelmurugan

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Swarm intelligence

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Swarm intelligence Definition:- Any attemptto design algorithms or distributed problem- solving devices inspired by the collective behavior of social insect colonies and other animal societies” (Bonabeau, Dorigo, Theraulaz: Swarm Intelligence) 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 2
  • 3.
    It’s “the behaviourof a population of simple agents who aggregate behaviour exhibits intelligence unknown to the individual agents. Groups exhibiting swarm intelligence have no central leader but rather members interact with each other based solely on information they have locally. Examples in nature include ant colonies, flocks of birds, schools of fish, and bacterial growth.” 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 3 Swarm intelligence
  • 4.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 4 Swarm intelligence swarm of robots swarm of Ants Swarm of birds Swarm of Flying robots cooperating together
  • 5.
    Swarm intelligence What ismeant by Swarm Intelligence? • It is an artificial intelligence (AI) technique based on the collective behavior in decentralized, self-organized systems • Generally made up of agents who interact with each other and the environment • No centralized control structures • Based on group behavior found in nature 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 5
  • 6.
    Swarm intelligence What ismeant by Swarm Intelligence? • Insects have a few hundred brain cells • However, organized insects have been known for: • Architectural marvels • Complex communication systems • Resistance to hazards in nature • In the 1950’s E.O.Wilson observed: • A single ant acts (almost) randomly • often leading to its own demise • A colony of ants provides food and protection for the entire population 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 6
  • 7.
    Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled& Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 7 Medium Real Ant nests,Taken from the earth
  • 8.
    Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled& Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 8 What is meant by Swarm Intelligence? • This huge Ant colony Concrete, that has been Excavated from earth in several weeks. • This Colony has roads with shortest path between every two points.
  • 9.
    Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled& Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 9 What is meant by Swarm Intelligence? • Characteristic • Composed of many individuals • Individuals are homogeneous • Local interaction based on simple rules • Self-organization
  • 10.
    Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled& Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 10 What is meant by Swarm Intelligence? • Four Ingredients of Self Organization • Positive Feedback • Negative Feedback • Amplification of Fluctuations – randomness • Reliance on multiple interactions
  • 11.
    Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled& Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 11 Example Original Example: Swarm of Bees • Ant colony - Agents: ants • Flock of birds- Agents: birds • Traffic - Agents: cars • Crowd - Agents: humans • Immune system - Agents: cells and molecules
  • 12.
    Swarm intelligence 4/22/2016 Compiled& Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 12 Cont. Example… • Ant Colony • Every single insect in a social insect colony seems to have its own agenda, and yet an insect colony looks so organized. • The seamless integration of all individual activities does not seem to require any supervisor. • For Example there is in one colony different type of workers: • Leafcutter Ants • Weaver Ants • Army Ants
  • 13.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 13 Swarm intelligence • Leafcutter Ants • cut leaves from plants and trees • Workers forage for leaves hundreds of meters away from the nest • literally organizing highways to and from their foraging sites
  • 14.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 14 Swarm intelligence • Weaver Ants • workers form chains of their own bodies, allowing them to cross wide gaps and pull stiff leaf edges together to form a nest • Several chains can join to form a bigger one over which workers run back and forth. • Such chains create enough force to pull leaf edges together.
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    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 15 Swarm intelligence • Army Ants • organize impressive hunting raids, involving up to 200,000 workers, during which they collect thousands of prey
  • 16.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 16 Swarm intelligence • Ant Colony Swarm benefits: • Ants forage better. • Settle in organized home. • Defend it self against predators • Social Insects have survived for millions of years.
  • 17.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 17 Swarm intelligence Cont. Examples, How to Interact? • Direct Interactions • Food/liquid exchange, visual contact, chemical contact (pheromones) • Indirect Interactions (Stigmergy) • Individual behavior modifies the environment, which in turn modifies the behavior of other individuals
  • 18.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 18 Swarm intelligence ACO and PSO Algorithms • Two Common SI Algorithms • Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) • Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
  • 19.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 19 Swarm intelligence PSO Algorithms • PSO • A population based stochastic optimization technique Searches for an optimal solution in the computable search space. • Developed in 1995 by Dr. Eberhart and Dr. Kennedy.
  • 20.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 20 Swarm intelligence PSO Algorithms Cont.… • PSO • In PSO individuals strive to improve themselves and often achieve this by observing and imitating their neighbors. • Each PSO individual has the ability to remember. • Inspiration: Swarms of Bees, Flocks of Birds, Schools of Fish.
  • 21.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 21 Swarm intelligence ACO Algorithms • ACO • Optimization Technique Proposed by Marco Dorigo in the early ’90 • Heuristic optimization method inspired by biological systems • Multi-agent approach for solving difficult combinatorial optimization problems • Has become new and fruitful research area
  • 22.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 22 Swarm intelligence
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    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 23 Swarm intelligence ACO Algorithms Cont.… • ACO • The way ants find their food in shortest path is interesting. • Ants secrete pheromones to remember their path. • These pheromones evaporate with time. • Whenever an ant finds food , it marks its return journey with pheromones.
  • 24.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 24 Swarm intelligence ACO Algorithms Cont.… • ACO • Pheromones evaporate faster on longer paths. (Evaporation) • Shorter paths serve as the way to food for most of the other ants. • The shorter path will be reinforced by the pheromones further. (Reinforcement) • Finally , the ants arrive at the shortest path. (Establishment)
  • 25.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 25 Swarm intelligence Applications and Recent Developments • Some applications Uses S.I Algorithms : • Movie effects • Lord of the Rings • Happy Feet • Network Routing • ACO Routing • Swarm Robotics • Swarm bots
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    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 26 Swarm intelligence Movies Used Swarm Intelligence
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    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 27 Swarm intelligence Applications and Recent Developments Cont.… Other Recent developed • Human tremor analysis • Human performance assessment • Ingredient mix optimization
  • 28.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 28 Swarm intelligence Applications and Recent Developments Cont.… Other Recent developed • Evolving neural networks to solve problems. • U.S. Military is applying SI techniques to control of unmanned vehicles. • NASA is applying SI techniques for planetary mapping. • Medical Research is trying SI based controls for nanobots to fight cancer.
  • 29.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 29 Swarm intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages • Advantages • The systems are scalable because the same control architecture can be applied to a couple of agents or thousands of agents • The systems are flexible because agents can be easily added or removed without influencing the structure
  • 30.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 30 Swarm intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Cont.… • Advantages • The systems are robust because agents are simple in design, the reliance on individual agents is small, and failure of a single agents has little impact on the system’s performance • The systems are able to adapt to new situations easily
  • 31.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 31 Swarm intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Cont.… • Disadvantages • Non-optimal – Because swarm systems are highly redundant and have no central control, they tend to be inefficient. The allocation of resources is not efficient, and duplication of effort is always rampant. • Uncontrollable – It is very difficult to exercise control over a swarm.
  • 32.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 32 Swarm intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Cont.… • Disadvantages • Non-optimal – Because swarm systems are highly redundant and have no central control, they tend to be inefficient. The allocation of resources is not efficient, and duplication of effort is always rampant. • Uncontrollable – It is very difficult to exercise control over a swarm.
  • 33.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 33 Swarm intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Cont.… • Disadvantages • Unpredictable – The complexity of a swarm system leads to unforeseeable results. • Non-understandable – Sequential systems are understandable; complex adaptive systems, instead, are a jumble of intersecting logic. • Non-immediate – complex swarm systems with rich hierarchies take time. The more complex the swarm, the longer it takes to shift states
  • 34.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 34 Swarm intelligence o Where this intelligence comes from raises a fundamental question in nature? o How do the simple actions of individuals add up to the complex behaviour of a group? o How do hundreds of honeybees make a critical decision about their hive if many of them disagree? o What enables a school of herring to coordinate its movements so precisely it can change direction in a flash, like a single, silvery organism? The collective abilities of such animals—none of which grasps the big picture, but each of which contributes to the group's success Swarm intelligence
  • 35.
    Ants are notsmart. But colonies are smart. So what’s amazing about ants is that in the aggregate, all of these inept creatures accomplish amazing feats as colonies. In an ant colony, there’s nobody in charge. There are no managers. There is nobody telling anybody what to do. The queen does not give rules. She just sits there and lays eggs.” – CBS News - Small wonders :-What ants can teach us. 4/22/2016 Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 35 Swarm intelligence
  • 36.
    Flocks of birds 4/22/2016Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 36 Swarm intelligence
  • 37.
    Schools of fish 4/22/2016Compiled & Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 37 Swarm intelligence
  • 38.
    Bacterial growth 4/22/2016 Compiled& Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 38 Swarm intelligence
  • 39.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 39 Political agitation (No comments) Swarm intelligence
  • 40.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 40 Cinema first show (No comments) Swarm intelligence
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    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 41 Driving @ Intersection (No comments) Swarm intelligence
  • 42.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 42 Harmonious Flight The ability of animal groups - such as this flock of starlings - to shift shape as one, even when they have no leader, reflects the genius of collective behaviour - something scientists are now tapping to solve human problems. Swarm intelligence
  • 43.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 43 Harmonious Flight Swarm intelligence
  • 44.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 44 Mass Escape A peregrine falcon on the attack forces a flock of starlings to take evasive action, moving together as one. Swarm intelligence
  • 45.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 45 Mass Escape Swarm intelligence
  • 46.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 46 Instant Messaging Because each individual is paying close attention to its neighbours, news travels fast through a school of bigeye jack near Cocos Island in the Pacific. The fish follow simple rules that keep the group alert: stick together, avoid collisions, and swim in the same direction. Swarm intelligence
  • 47.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 47 Instant Messaging Swarm intelligence
  • 48.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 48 On the Move Wildebeests crossing the Mara River in Kenya may be able to follow a migration route even if only a few of them know the way, say researchers using a computer model of herd behaviour. Never mind that the informed animals aren't trying to lead. The rest follow anyway. Swarm intelligence
  • 49.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 49 On the Move Swarm intelligence
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    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 50 Modern-day Plague Locusts beyond number rise in a single black cloud in Mauritania, devouring every crop in their path and leaving hunger or starvation in their wake. Finding ways to prevent such plagues depends on a deeper understanding of swarm theory and the surprising ways it affects our lives. Swarm intelligence
  • 51.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 51 Modern-day Plague Swarm intelligence
  • 52.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 52 Conveyer-belt Behaviour Leafcutter ants (Atta colombica) in Panama carry bits of vegetation to their nest, where collaborating teams of ants transport, clean, cut up, crush, mold, and pack the material into compost piles. Still other ants tend the piles to grow fungi, the main food source for the colony's young. Because a colony of several million leafcutters relies upon cooperation to survive, biologists sometimes describe it as a superorganism. Swarm intelligence
  • 53.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 53 Conveyer-belt Behaviour Swarm intelligence
  • 54.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 54 Conveyer-belt Behaviour Swarm intelligence
  • 55.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 55 Arboreal Light Show A tree ablaze with fireflies in Indonesia blinks on and off as each insect adjusts its flashes to match the others. Such self-organized behaviour resembles the synchronized firing of heart muscle cells or the rhythmic applause of a crowd - but seems more mysterious. Swarm intelligence
  • 56.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 56 Arboreal Light Show Swarm intelligence
  • 57.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 57 Colour-coordinated A red colour ring means "grab me," a blue one "stay away," as robots in a Brussels lab converge to form a single unit. Their goal: to accomplish something together they can't do alone, such as moving a heavy object. Swarm intelligence
  • 58.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 58 Colour-coordinated Swarm intelligence
  • 59.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 59 High-tech Teamwork A team of inch-long (three centimetres) robots spreads out through a mock-up of a turbine engine in a laboratory of the Swarm-Intelligent Systems Group at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne in Switzerland. To speed the task of inspecting each blade, these experimental units can signal neighbours through infrared sensors. Swarm intelligence
  • 60.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 60 High-tech Teamwork Swarm intelligence
  • 61.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 61 Communal Breadwinners Army ants work together to find food to haul back to the group. Swarm intelligence
  • 62.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 62 Communal Breadwinners Swarm intelligence
  • 63.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 63 From Ant Trails to Truck Routes Tanker trucks with cargoes of liquid nitrogen, oxygen, and argon in Pasadena, Texas, are assigned delivery routes by dispatchers using a computer program inspired by the foraging behaviour of ants. Swarm intelligence
  • 64.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 64 From Ant Trails to Truck Routes Swarm intelligence
  • 65.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 65 Working Smarter When Southwest Airlines wanted to expand its package delivery business, but ramp workers complained that they were already doing a lot of extra handling of packages, the airline asked a consulting firm to look into it. Using a computer simulation based on the foraging behaviour of ants, the consultants advised the workers to change their rules of thumb for routing packages. Instead of using the "hot potato" strategy—putting a package on the next flight heading in the general direction of the final destination—they recommended waiting for the next plane going to that destination, even if it meant a delay of several hours. The result: a 50 to 85 percent reduction in the number of packages transferred by ramp workers at their six busiest locations. Swarm intelligence
  • 66.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 66 Working Smarter Swarm intelligence
  • 67.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 67 Democratic Decisions Even though swarming honeybees frequently differ about where to establish a new nest, the group usually chooses the best site. Bees reach this decision by gathering information, conducting independent evaluations, and holding a kind of vote. Swarm intelligence
  • 68.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 68 Democratic Decisions Swarm intelligence
  • 69.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 69 Driving Force Chicago traders swarm on the stock exchange floor, driving the price of soybean futures with the same practices - fact-finding, independent study, and voting - used by swarming honeybees in search of a new site to nest. Swarm intelligence
  • 70.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 70 Driving Force Swarm intelligence
  • 71.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 71 Mob Mentality In high spirits, a well-dressed crowd at Ascot Racecourse near London celebrates a day of horse races with singing and patriotic flag waving. Individuals in a densely packed group tend to act differently from the way they would on their own, scientists say, not unlike a herd of animals. So event organizers need to take special care to keep participants from panicking as they exit such events. Swarm intelligence
  • 72.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 72 Mob Mentality Swarm intelligence
  • 73.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 73 Water Ballet Kids from a summer day camp watch a school of golden trevally swim by at the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta. The ability of schools to stick together as they move through the water, which is beautiful to observe, still holds mysteries for biologists trying to understand the principles of collective motion. Swarm intelligence
  • 74.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 74 Water Ballet Swarm intelligence
  • 75.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 75 Gathering Storm Biologists in an Oxford lab show that when otherwise harmless juvenile locusts get too crowded, they will suddenly align themselves and march in the same direction, triggering a potentially devastating swarm. Swarm intelligence
  • 76.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 76 Gathering Storm Swarm intelligence
  • 77.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 77 Aerial Art Flocks of starlings in Rome, Italy, twist and turn into curious shapes. The birds are not following leaders as they perform such manoeuvres, biologists say, but rather acting as a group in which individual birds constantly change their position. Swarm intelligence
  • 78.
    4/22/2016 Compiled &Edited By SivaramanVelmurugan 78 Aerial Art Swarm intelligence
  • 79.