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SOCIOLOGY GNM UNIT 2.pptx

The document discusses human growth and development from infancy through adulthood. It describes the key stages as infant, toddler, preschool, school-age, adolescent, and adulthood. Each stage involves physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes. The document also discusses socialization as the lifelong process through which individuals learn to function in society, noting both formal and informal socialization agents like family, education, peer groups, and the media. Finally, it explains that the environment significantly impacts human development through factors such as nutrition, education, family/community, culture, and stress.

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SOCIOLOGY UNIT-2 INDIVIDUAL
INDIVIDUAL Individual refers to a single person or organism that is distinct and separate from others. The concept of the individual is important in many fields of study, as it helps to understand how individuals interact with their environment, make decisions, and contribute to society.
HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT  The term growth and development both refers to dynamic processes  Growth and development are interdependent and interrelated processes  Growth generally takes place during the first 20 years of life  Development continues after that
REVIEW OF HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Human development is the process of becoming mature, both physically and emotionally. Humans are complex beings and each stage of growth includes physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes. Infant  An infant is a child under the age of 1 year.  They completely dependent upon another person.  During this first year of life many drastic developmental progressions occur. Toddler  This include children between the ages of 1 and 2.5 to 3.  Toddler is a fitting name since during this developmental stage they begin to walk.  They master many new skills including walking, talking, problem-solving and social skills.
School age:  Children between the ages of 5 and 13 .  This large age span encompasses a wide range of skills and abilities.  The years of puberty or sexual development begin during the later years of this stage. Adolescent  Children between the ages of 13 and 18  This stage particularly difficult for both the parent and the child. Adulthood  This begins at age 18 and continues until death  Fewer specific physical developmental mile- stones take place during this stage. Preschool  This stage includes children ages 4 and 5.  The growth focuses on learning and getting ready for school  This includes expanding their attention span and practicing discipline
THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS According to Green, 'socialization is that process through which a man develops into social being  Socialization is a lifelong and continuous process  Socialization helps to control human behavior.  Socialization is done through both formal and informal agencies.  Socialization provide basic discipline in an individual. Features of Socialization: According to Burger, 'socialization is a process by which child learns to be participant member of a society
TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION  Primary socialization: Family, Friends etc.  Secondary socialization : School, College, Office etc.  Anticipatory socialization : Child plays various roles like of father or doctor in school play, then he learns some of the behavior required in the role and knows how to carry part of it.  Adult socialization: Learning technical rules, Ways of carrying tasks etc.  Resocialization: Brainwashing, Rehabilitation of criminals etc.
AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION FORMAL AGENCIES INFORMAL AGENCIES EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OCCUPATIONAL INSTITUTIONS LAW THE STATE THE MASS MEDIA FAMILY PLAY GROUP PEER GROUP CUSTOMS RELIGIONS RITUALS Fix rules and regulation No fixed rules and regulation s
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT The environment plays a crucial role in human growth and development, shaping both physical and cognitive development as well as socio-emotional development. Here are some of the ways in which the environment can impact human growth and development:  Nutrition  Physical environment  Education  Family and community  Culture and society  Stress
RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY. In a democratic society, individuals have both rights and responsibilities. Here are some of the key rights and responsibilities of individuals in a democratic society: Rights:  Freedom of speech  Freedom of assembly  Freedom of religion  Right to vote  Right to privacy  Right to a fair trial
Responsibilities  Participation in democratic processes  Respect for the law  Respect for diversity  Active citizenship  Community involvement