This scope review aims to map the existing literature on dental management approaches for children with dentinogenesis imperfecta type II. The review will follow the standard steps of scope review methodology, including developing a protocol and registration, conducting a comprehensive literature search, selecting studies according to inclusion criteria, extracting and analyzing data, and presenting the findings. The review will identify key concepts and strategies related to improving oral health in this population and summarize the available evidence to inform future research directions. Any gaps in knowledge will also be explored.

1. Scope review
Sisay Negash
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2. Outline
● What is scope reviews
● How it is different from systematic review
● When is it carried out?
● What are the steps?
● What are the tools/formats available?
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3. Types of knowledge syntheses
● Systematic review-(seen in chapter two)
● A structure ways of analyzing and summarizing the result of multiple studies
on a specific research question.
● Comprehensive search for relevance literatures, synthesis the finding across
studies .
● Evaluate the strength and weakness of the research studies to determine their
validity, relevance and reliability for informing decision making.
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4. Types of knowledge syntheses
● Meta - analysis- (presented by Wanos)
● A statistical techniques that combine the result of multiple studies to generate
a summary estimate the effect of intervention or exposure.
● Involves pooling data from individual studies and analysis them using
statistical methods to reduce the bias and increase precision.
● Scope review(today class)
● A type of literature review that aims to provide an overview of the research on
a particular topic.
● Focus on identifying gaps, inconsistencies, and topics for further research.
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5. Types of knowledge syntheses
● Narrative review- reading assignment
● A traditional literature review that summarize and synthesizes the findings of multiple
studies on a particular topics.
● Does not use systematic approach to literature search and selection,
● Lacks the transparence and rigor of systematic reviews.
● Rapid review -reading assignment
● A streamlined version of systematic review that aims to provide timely and relevance
study of decision making.
● Usually involves simplify the search process, limit the number of included studies,reduce
the level of details in appraisal and synthesis of findings.
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6. What is scope review?
● A types of review methodology used in research to systematically
examine and map the existing literature on particular research topic
or theme
● Researcher identify, collect, analyze all available literature related to
their research topics or topic of interested.
● The primary aims are to identify the key concepts,theory and
evidence based practices associated with the research topics and any
gaps in existing knowledge base.
● Used to identify research are for future study, and provides an
overviews of the literature for researchers, policymakers.
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7. Reason for conducting scope review
● Explore converge /extent of evidence .
● Map and summarize the evidence.
● Inform future research.
● Implication for practice and policy.
● Advance knowledge/ awareness.
● Identify the key theme.
● Develop a conceptual framework/map.
● Identify knowledge gaps.
● Address knowledge gaps.
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8. Reason for conducting scope review…
● Identify the knowledge gaps:
○ Process of recognizing or determine area where there a lack of
information or knowledge in a particular fields or topic.
○ Examine current knowledge.
○ Identify areas where new knowledge or understanding is needed.
● Addressing the knowledge gaps:
○ Taking a concrete steps to fills the identified gaps by obtaining,
creating or disseminate new knowledge.
○ Develop new approaches, tools, techniques or methodology to
improve and understanding in the identified areas.
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9. Scope of scope review
● To identify and evaluate exisiting knowledge and research litreture.
● Precursor to systematic review.
● Analysis knowlege gaps.
● Clarify a key concepts or definition.
● Map out key concepts, types of evidence, and research gaps related to
the topic. Specially, when field is complex, heterogenous
● Examine how is research conducted on a certain topic.
● Can help to identify key stakeholders and their perspectives on the
topic, and to identify areas where further research is needed.
● a valuable tool for researchers to organize and synthesize large
amounts of existing literature in a particular field or discipline.
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10. Scope review Versus Systematic review
Systematic review
● Focused research question with
narrow parameters.
● Inclusion/exclusion usually defined
at outset.
● Quality filters often applied.
● Detailed data extraction.
● Quantitative synthesis often
performed.
● Normally assesses the quality of
studies and generates a conclusion
relating to the focused research
question.
Scope review
● Research questions often broad.
● Inclusion /exclusion can be developed post
hoc.
● Quality not an initial priority
● May or may not involve data extraction.
● Synthesis more quantity, typically not
qualitative
● Used to identify parameters and gaps in a
body of literature.
● Broad objective.
● PCC instead of PICO(ST)
● No synthesis of results (meta-analysis).
● No risk of bias assessment.
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11. Terminology -1/2
Commonly used terms in systematic review.
● Population: The group of individuals or subjects who are being
studied.
● Intervention : An intervention is any kind of treatment or exposure to
a specific factor that can be measured or manipulated.
● Comparator : A comparator (control) is a group that is used for
comparison to evaluate the outcomes of a specific intervention.
● Outcome: the measure of effectiveness or success of a specific
intervention. It may be objective or subjective.
● Study design: A study design refers to the plan or strategy used for
conducting research.
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12. Terminology -2/2
● Timeframe: period of time during which studies addressing the research
question were conducted.the time period over which outcomes are measured.
In the context of scope review:
● Population: refers to the group of individuals or entities that are included
within the scope of a particular study, project, or analysis. This may include
people, organizations, or other units of analysis.
● Context : refers to the situational factors and circumstances that surround the
population being studied. This can include factors such as culture, location,
historical events, and other contextual elements that can influence the behavior
or characteristics of the population.
● Concepts: idea or theoretical constructs used to inform the scope of the
studies, concept such as variables, hypothesis,model or theories,that used to
guide the studies.
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13. Framework and step of scope review
● Protocol development and registration.
○ Title, abstract, intro, objective, methodology
○ eligibility criteria, approach to literature search, selection, data extraction, presentation of
evidence
● Searching the literature.
● Selecting studies/ documents.
● Data extraction-charting the evidence.
● Analysis of the evidence.
● Presentation of the evidence.
● summarize , conclusion and implications.
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14. Protocol and registration
● Write the protocol as per guidelines (JBI format).
● Register in Open Science Framework (PROSPERO in future)
● Enables transparency
● May publish protocols in journals
● Involves the following steps
○ Protocol development
○ Protocol registration
○ Scope review
○ Approval or rejection.
Note:
Protocol development and registration for scope review is a rigorous process that requires
careful planning, attention to detail, and compliance with regulatory requirements.
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15. Title and Review Question
● Title should include ’scope review’.
● Review question should follow PCC.
○ My have sub-section.
Example
● Title :A Comprehensive Review of the Scope and Features of chatGPT
Search Engine
● RQ: What are the unique features and scope of chatGPT search engine,
and how do they compare with other search engines in the market?
● Can you think of a title, identify PCC?
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16. Introduction and objective
● Introduction should clearly articulate the rationale for the review and provide
clear explanations for PCC.
● Objective should clearly state the specific goals and outcomes that the review
is intended to achieve.
● These objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and
time-bound (SMART).
● The last line should be mention the objective.
Example
This scoping review was conducted to map key concepts of dental management approaches
for children with dentinogenesis imperfecta type II and identify, summarize and describe
strategies aimed to improve the oral health of this population.
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17. Inclusion criteria
● Population
● inclusion criteria for the studies to be selected
● Should be based on the PCC and the types of
literature that will be included.
● May or may not restrict types of studies.
● Example:
● Studies in dentistry that considered the effect of irrigant
solutions on the mechanical properties of
endodontically treated teeth. This included studies that
evaluated the study design and the effect of at least one
irrigant solution on dentin, regardless of origin (human
or animal), but only studies written in English were
included
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18. Search strategies
● Search strategies -comprehensive, grey literature included, primary and
reviews.
● Language and time frame
● At least 2 online databases
● Iterative process as new terms become evident.
Selection of studies:
● Selection of studies - based on inclusion criteria
● At least two reviewers with a third one for disagreement situations
● Flowchart as per PRISMA-ScR
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19. Analysis of the evidence
● Multiple ways.
● Simple counts of concepts,
populations, characteristics.
● Sometimes, qualitative content
analysis.
● Sometimes, advanced analysis
may be required.
● Usually, meta-analysis is NOT
done.
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20. Presentation of the evidence
● Purpose is to identify, characterize and summarize the available
evidence on topic.
● Several form can be used.
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21. Presentation of the evidence
● Quantitative form
● Major theme.
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22. Presentation of the evidence
● Tabular form.
● Simple counts according to
subgroups are given
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23. Presentation of the evidence
● Graphical form
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24. Discussion
● The result should be discussed
in the context of current
literature, practice, and policy.
● Scope review subjected to
limitation.
● As no rating of the quality of
evidence is provided,
implications for practice or
policy cannot be graded.
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25. Conclusion and recommendation
● Overall conclusion based on the results.
● Clear, specific implications for future research
● Future conduct of systematic reviews
● May not be possible to develop implications for practice/policy.
● Some steps.
○ Summarize the main findings
○ Identify the limitation.
○ Make recommendation
○ Provide justification for your recommendation
○ End with summaries of key point.
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26. Appendices
● A detailed search strategy for all
sources searched
● Sources excluded following full
text review.
● Data extraction form.
● Table of study characteristics
● PRISMA-ScR filled
● Protocol
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27. Example (how to formulate RQ)
Research question:
•How effective are machine learning techniques in enhancing software security?
Population:
•Software developers, security analysts, and researchers specializing in software
security and machine learning.
Concepts:
•Machine learning techniques, software security, code vulnerability, threat
detection.
Contexts :
Studies and publications related to software security and machine learning techniques in the past 5
years. This may include academic research papers, conference proceedings, and white papers from
specialized companies. It may also involve research on the impact of machine learning techniques
on software development, testing, and deployment.
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28. Exercise
Research Question: How can blockchain technology be utilized to strengthen the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic?
Is it scope review or systematic review RQ?
•Identify the population, concepts and context of this scope review research question
Populations:
- Healthcare professionals
- Patients
- Governments
- Blockchain developers
Concepts:
- Blockchain technology
- COVID-19 response
- Contact tracing
- Data privacy
- Vaccine distribution
- Supply chain management
Contexts:
- Global healthcare systems
- Public health policies
- Economic impacts of the pandemic
- Technological advancements
- Legal and regulatory frameworks
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29. Exercise
Exercise
Research Question: How can blockchain technology be used to combat the spread of COVID-
19 by improving supply chain management of medical resources?
Is it scope review or systematic review RQ ?
Populations: Healthcare providers, medical suppliers, government agencies, and patients
affected by COVID-19.
Intervention: The use of blockchain technology in the management of medical resources
such as personal protective equipment (PPE), testing kits, and ventilators.
Comparator: Traditional supply chain management systems without blockchain technology.
Outcome: The effectiveness of blockchain technology in ensuring timely and accurate
distribution of medical resources to healthcare providers and patients during the COVID-19
pandemic.
Study Design: Systematic review.
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30. Time for Question
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31. Thank you!
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