V.1.07
Presented by
FAA Academy
Air Traffic Division
Federal Aviation
Administration
Federal Aviation
AdministrationAir Traffic Basics
50043/50143
Radio and Satellite
Navigation
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Radio and Satellite Navigation / V.1.07
Radio and Satellite Navigation
GPS SatellitesCommunication
Satellite
Ground Earth Station
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Objectives
On an End-of-Lesson Test, you will identify:
1. Types, characteristics, and components of radio
and satellite navigational aids
2. Characteristics of airways and routes
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Nondirectional Radio Beacon
Used in: airborne radio direction finding,
instrument approaches, holding
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Direction Finding
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Response Item
• How are all NDBs, except compass
locators, identified?
A. Three-letter identifier in Morse code
B. Two-letter identifier in Morse code
C. Aural tone
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270° WEST 090° EAST
180° SOUTH
MAGNETIC
NORTH 0°
VHF Omni-Directional Range (VOR)
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Line-of-Sight
VHF-UHF Omni-directional facilities
VOR (VHF) TACAN (UHF) VORTAC (VHF/UHF)
are all line-of-sight.
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Range and Classification
CLASS
T
L
H
H
H
H
DISTANCE AND ALTITUDES
12,000` and below
Below 18,000`
Below 14,500`
14,500` - 17,999`
18,000` - FL450
Above FL450
(MILES)
25
40
40
100
130
100
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VOR Identification
“Tulsa V-O-R”
Alternating voice
and Morse Code
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Response Item
• A VOR antenna transmission pattern is
________.
A. omni-directional
B. Nondirectional
C. fan-shaped
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Response Item
• A VOR station projects ________.
A. 360 usable true radials
B. 360 usable magnetic radials
C. An infinite number of bearings
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Response Item
• The different classes of VORs are
________.
A. High, Low, Terminal
B. High, Medium, Low
C. High, Low, Compass Locator
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TACAN
An ultra-high frequency navigation aid
which provides suitably equipped aircraft
a continuous indication of bearing and
distance to the TACAN station.
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Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
airborne
interrogator
ground-based
transponder
pulse coded reply
pulse coded
interrogation
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Response Item
• A TACAN station projects ________.
A. 360 usable true radials
B. 360 usable magnetic radials
C. an infinite number of bearings
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Response Item
• TACAN frequencies are in the ________
band.
A. L/MF
B. VHF
C. UHF
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VHF Omni-Directional Range/Tactical
Air Navigation (VORTAC)
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Response Item
• DME distance is displayed ________.
A. as slant range distance
B. as horizontal distance
C. in time to station
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Response Item
• What DME equipment on the ground is
required to respond to the aircraft
interrogator?
A. Transmitter
B. Transponder
C. VOR
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ILS Transmitters
Localizer
transmitter
(course
guidance)
Glide slope
transmitter
(altitude guidance)
Middle
Marker
Outer
Marker
Provides
“distance-to-threshold”
information
Approach lights
(steady)
Approach lights
(flashing)
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Localizer
The same area applies to a
back course when provided.
localizer
transmitter
10NM
18NM
10NM
18NM
Localizer
transmitter
(course
guidance)
Normal limits of
localizer coverage. Front CourseBack Course
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Glide Slope/Glidepath
Glide Slope
transmitter
(vertical guidance)
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Marker Beacons
Middle
Marker
Outer
Marker
Provides
“distance-to-threshold”
information
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Marker Beacons
MARKER
OM
MM
IM
BC
(Back Course)
LIGHT
Blue
Amber
White
White
MORSE CODE
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Approach Lights
Approach lights
(steady)
Approach lights
(flashing)
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ILS Summary
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Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS)
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GPS Navigation
GPS Satellites
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Accuracy, Precision and Safety:
Air Traffic Control and GPS
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Waypoints
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= FILED ROUTE
= DIRECT ROUTE
Advantages of RNAV
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Airway System
Victor Airway
Intersection
NAVAID
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Protected Airspace – Non-Radar
NAVAID
NAVAID
Changeover Point
51NM
4.5°
4.5°
4NM
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Airway Protected Airspace –
Non-Radar
51NM51NM
51
79
NAVAID NAVAID
Changeover Point
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Two Airways Sharing the Same Route
shared route
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Jet Route System
jet routes
intersection
NAVAID
NAVAID
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Question
• What is the maximum non-radar lateral
protected airspace of a victor airway?
– ANSWER: 10 NM either side of centerline
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Response Item
• What is the upper limit of a low altitude
VOR airway?
A. Up to and including 18,000 feet MSL
B. Up to, but NOT including 18,000 feet MSL
C. Up to, but NOT including FL180
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Response Item
• The upper limit of the jet route structure is
________.
A. up to and including FL600
B. up to but not including FL600
C. up to and including FL450
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The End

Radio And Satellite Navigation