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Pyscholinguistics what are speech language disorders

This document provides descriptions of various speech, language, and communication disorders. It discusses disorders that can affect the ability to express or understand language like aphasia, which is an impairment of language caused by brain injury. It also describes disorders like dysarthria that affect speech production, as well as disorders involving the structures of the mouth like cleft lip and palate. Additionally, it outlines communication disorders and therapies, including those that require augmentative aids, voice therapies, and accent modification training.

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What are Speech-Language Disorders? Madelyn Chipantiza
Disorders can include the loss of ability to express or understand language, problems making certain sounds or words (for example, slurring) and changes to the rhythm or speed of speech.
Aphasia Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write. Aphasia is always due to injury to the brain-most commonly from a stroke, particularly in older individuals.
Varieties and special features of aphasia
Broca's aphasia Vocabulary access is limited and the formation of sounds by persons with Broca's aphasia is often laborious and clumsy. Broca's aphasia is often referred to as a 'non fluent aphasia' because of the halting and effortful quality of speech. Wernicke's aphasia Sentences do not hang together and irrelevant words intrude- sometimes to the point of jargon, in severe cases.
Primary Progressive Aphasia Primary Progressive Aphasia is a neurological syndrome in which language capabilities become slowly and progressively impaired. Unlike other forms of aphasia that result from stroke or brain injury, PPA is caused by neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease or Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Other varieties Some of the components of a complex aphasia syndrome may also occur in isolation. Severe impairments of calculation often accompany aphasia, yet in some instances patients retain excellent calculation in spite of the loss of language.
Apraxia (CAS) Children with the diagnosis of apraxia of speech generally have a good understanding of language and know what they want to say.
Acquired Apraxia Apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. The severity of apraxia depends on the nature of the brain damage.
Articulation Disorder/Delay An articulation impairment is a deficiency in an ability to produce sounds meteorically or difficulty in having two articulators meet to produce the sound in isolation, syllable, sentence, paragraph or in conversational speech which is not consistent with chronological age.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication People with severe speech or language problems rely on AAC to supplement existing speech or replace speech that is not functional. Special augmentative aids, such as picture and symbol communication boards and electronic devices, are available to help people express themselves.
Cleft Lip and Palate A cleft palate is an opening in the roof of the mouth in which the two sides of the palate did not join while your baby was developing in utero. Cleft lip and cleft palate can occur on one side or on both sides . Because the lip and the palate develop separately, it is possible to have a cleft lip, a cleft palate, or both.
Dysarthria It results from impaired movement of the muscles used for speech production, including the lips, tongue, vocal folds, and/or diaphragm.
Dyslexia Dyslexia has been used to refer to the specific learning problem of reading. Many children with reading problems have spoken language problems
Dysphagia Dysphagia is the medical term for swallowing difficulty/disorder. That means there can be a difficulty with any part of the swallowing process from the preparation for feeding/swallowing, to the esophagus where digestion begins to take over. Difficulty in oral preparation or difficulty moving material from the mouth to the stomach.
Dysphemia Dysphemia is the clinical term for stuttering, which affects the fluency of speech. The disorder is characterized by disruptions in the production of speech sounds, also called «disfluencies.» Most people produce brief disfluencies from time to time.
Laryngeal Cancer Laryngeal cancer occurs when cancerous cells form on the tissues of the larynx, or voice box. The larynx contains the vocal folds. The vocal folds vibrate.
Oropharyngeal Cancer The effects of cancer on speech and swallowing depend on the location and size of the growth. This could result in unclear production of speech sounds made with the lips such as /p/, /b/, and /m/. Cancer of the tongue can cause problems with some sounds, such as /l/ and /r/.
Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders One type of OMD is tongue thrust, when the tongue rests too far forward in the mouth or moves too far forward during speech or swallowing.
Phonological Disorders A phonological process disorder is a simplification of the sound system that also affects intelligibility. Students with phonological process problems demonstrate difficulty in acquiring a phonological system; involving organizing the patterns of sounds in the brain and the output, not necessarily in the motor production of the sounds like articulation errors.
Selective Mutism A child with selective mutism does not speak in certain situations, like at school, but speaks at other times, like at home or with friends. Selective mutism often starts before a child is 5 years old.
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) Is a language disorder that delays the mastery of language skills in children who have no hearing loss or other developmental delays. SLI is also called developmental language disorder, language delay, or developmental dysphasia.
Tracheostomy and Ventilators People who have a tracheostomy cannot speak in the same way as those who do not. Air no longer passes through the vocal folds so the person cannot produce sounds easily. In some cases, the person may be able to say a few sounds but will quickly run out of air. For some people, a tracheostomy tube alone may not be enough.
Transgender Voice Therapy If you are transgender, you may want change the way you speak. You may choose to have voice and communication therapy to help make these changes. The SLP will talk with you about your goals. The SLP will listen to your vocal pitch, or how high or deep your voice sounds. If you try to change your voice on your own, you may do things that hurt it. You can end up sounding raspy or lose your voice.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Traumatic brain injury is a form of brain injury caused by sudden damage to the brain. The problems vary depending on how widespread the brain damage is and the location of the injury.
Accent Modification Although elective, the goal in accent modification training is to help the individual speak effectively so that speech is “listener friendly.” Accent elimination is not the intention of this training. The individual is actually learning an American accent. After a careful analysis of the individual’s speech patterns, a customized training program is designed.