Punjab Medical Faculty (PMF) F.Sc. MLT 2nd Year | Hematology & Blood Banking Important Questions | Most Repeated

PMF Medical Laboratory Technology (MLT)
Hematology & Blood Banking
Azka Imran | MPhil Pathology
Chapter 1: Introduction.
Important Short Questions (Only 8)
1. Define Hematology.
2. Define Blood Banking.
3. Write the four main functions of blood.
4. Write the composition of blood.
5. What is plasma? Write its composition.
6. Write the normal values of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
7. Name the five types of white blood cells (WBCs).
8. Write the functions of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Important Long Questions (Only 5)
Q1. Define Hematology and Blood Banking. Discuss the subjects taught in
Hematology.
Q2. Explain the composition of blood with a neat diagram.
Q3. Describe the functions of blood.
Q4. Explain blood circulation with a labeled diagram.
Q5. Describe the functional parts of circulation and their functions.

Chapter 2: Hematopoiesis
1. Define hematopoiesis.
2. What is a hematopoietic stem cell?
3. Write the sites of hematopoiesis at different stages of life.
4. What is extramedullary hematopoiesis?
5. Differentiate between red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.
6. Write the normal values of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
7. Write the morphological characteristics of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
8. Write the lifespan of RBCs and platelets.
Q1. Define hematopoiesis. Explain the steps (development) of hematopoiesis with
a neat diagram.
Q2. Describe the sites of hematopoiesis during fetal life, childhood, and adulthood.
Q3. Explain the origin and development of blood cells from the pluripotent
hematopoietic stem cell.
Q4. Describe the morphology, normal values, lifespan, and functions of RBCs,
WBCs, and platelets.
Q5. Explain the different types of white blood cells and their functions.

Chapter 3: Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
1. Define erythropoiesis.
2. Write the normal RBC count in males and females.
3. Write the functions of red blood cells.
4. Name the stages of erythropoiesis.
5. What is the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
6. Write the source of erythropoietin.
7. Write the morphological characteristics of a normal RBC.
8. Define anisocytosis and poikilocytosis.
Q1. Define erythropoiesis. Explain the stages of erythropoiesis with a neat diagram.
Q2. Explain the role of erythropoietin (EPO) in erythropoiesis.
Q3. Describe the morphology of normal red blood cells and the common
morphological abnormalities.
Q4. Describe the structure, functions, normal values, and lifespan of red blood cells.
Q5. Explain the variation in the size, shape, and color of red blood cells.
Must Memorize
RBC function: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
RBC lifespan: 120 days (4 months)
RBC shape: Biconcave, anucleate disc
RBC size: 7–8 µm
Normal RBC count:
Male = 4.5–6.5 × 10¹²/L
Female = 3.9–5.6 × 10¹²/L
Stages of erythropoiesis:
1. Proerythroblast
2. Basophilic Normoblast
3. Polychromatic Normoblast
4. Orthochromatic Normoblast
5. Reticulocyte
6. Mature Erythrocyte
Erythropoietin (EPO):

 90% produced by the kidneys
 10% produced by the liver
 Stimulates RBC production in response to low oxygen
Chapter 4: Hemoglobin
1. Define hemoglobin (Hb).
2. Write the normal hemoglobin values in males and females.
3. Write the functions of hemoglobin.
4. Write the composition of normal adult hemoglobin (HbA).
5. Name the different types of normal hemoglobin.
6. Where is hemoglobin synthesized?
7. Write the normal hemoglobin range in children.
Q1. Define hemoglobin. Explain the synthesis of hemoglobin with a neat
diagram.
Q2. Describe the structure, composition, and functions of hemoglobin.
Q3. Explain the different types of normal hemoglobin (HbA, HbA₂, and HbF).
Q4. Write the normal hemoglobin values in different age groups, males, and
females.

Chapter 5: Red Blood Cell Indices
1. Define RBC indices.
2. Name the four RBC indices.
3. Define Packed Cell Volume (PCV) or Hematocrit (HCT).
4. Define Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV).
5. Define Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH).
6. Define Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC).
7. Differentiate between microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia based on MCV.
Q1. Explain the determination of Packed Cell Volume (PCV/Hematocrit) by
laboratory methods.
Q2. Define RBC indices. Explain MCV, MCH, and MCHC with their formulas
and clinical significance.

Chapter 6: Reticulocyte Count
1. Define reticulocyte.
2. Write the normal reticulocyte count in adults and newborns.
3. Write the causes of reticulocytosis.
4. Write the causes of reticulocytopenia.
5. What is the clinical significance (interpretation) of the reticulocyte count?
6. Name the different measures of reticulocyte count.
Q1. Explain the procedure (method) of reticulocyte counting (retic slide
preparation).
Q2. Define reticulocyte count. Explain its normal values, interpretation, and
clinical significance.
Q3. Describe the causes of increased (reticulocytosis) and decreased
(reticulocytopenia) reticulocyte count.
Q4. Explain the different measures of reticulocyte count (Reticulocyte %,
Corrected Reticulocyte Count, and Absolute Reticulocyte Count).

Chapter 7: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
(ESR)
Important Short Questions
1. Define Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).
2. Name the methods used for ESR determination.
3. Write the principle of the Westergren method.
4. Write the normal ESR values in males and females.
5. Write the causes of raised ESR.
6. Write the causes of decreased ESR.
7. Write any four factors affecting ESR.
Important Long Questions
Q1. Define ESR. Explain its principle and methods of determination.
Q2. Describe the normal values, clinical significance, and interpretation of ESR.
Q3. Explain the causes of raised ESR and decreased ESR.
Q4. Discuss the factors affecting ESR.

Chapter 8: Anemia
1. Define anemia.
2. Classify anemia based on RBC indices.
3. Define iron deficiency anemia (IDA).
4. Write the causes of iron deficiency anemia.
5. Write the clinical features of iron deficiency anemia.
6. Write the laboratory findings in anemia.
7. Write the sources of iron.
8. Where is iron absorbed in the body?
9. Define polycythemia (erythrocytosis).
10. Differentiate between alpha and beta thalassemia.
Q1. Define anemia. Explain its classification with examples.
Q2. Describe the laboratory investigations (laboratory findings) in anemia.
Q3. Explain the prevention of anemia.
Q4. Define iron deficiency anemia. Discuss its causes, clinical features, and
diagnosis.
Q5. Explain iron metabolism, including sources, absorption, and storage of iron.
Q6. Write short notes on:
 Polycythemia (Erythrocytosis)
 Thalassemia (Alpha and Beta)

Chapter 9: Haemoparasites (Blood Parasites)
1. Define haemoparasites.
2. Enumerate different haemoparasites.
3. Name the species of Plasmodium causing malaria.
4. Differentiate between thick and thin blood smears.
5. What is the gold standard method for diagnosis of malaria?
6. Write the laboratory methods for detection of Leishmania donovani.
7. Write the laboratory methods for detection of microfilariae.
8. Name the common haemoparasites and the diseases they cause.
Q1. Define haemoparasites. Explain the laboratory diagnosis of malaria.
Q2. Describe the procedure, principle, and importance of thick and thin blood
smears for malarial parasite detection.
 Babesia
 Trypanosoma
 Leishmania
 Microfilariae
Q4. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Leishmania donovani and Microfilariae.
Q5. Explain the laboratory methods used for detection of different
haemoparasites.

Chapter 10: White Blood Cells (WBCs)
1. Define white blood cells (WBCs).
2. Classify white blood cells.
3. Write the functions of WBCs.
4. Differentiate between granulocytes and agranulocytes.
5. Write the normal values (DLC) of different white blood cells.
6. Write the functions of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.
Q1. Classify white blood cells with their normal values and functions.
Q2. Describe the morphology and functions of different types of white blood
cells.
Q3. Explain the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Chapter 12: Leukemia
1. Define leukemia.
2. Classify leukemia.
3. Differentiate between acute and chronic leukemia.
4. Define Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).
5. Define Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
6. Define Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).
7. Define Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).
Q1. Define leukemia. Explain its classification.
Q2. Describe the laboratory diagnosis (investigations) of acute leukemia.
Q3. Differentiate between acute and chronic leukemia.
 Acute Leukemia (ALL & AML)
 Chronic Leukemia (CLL & CML)

Chapter 13: Introduction to Coagulation and
Platelets
1. Define platelets (thrombocytes).
2. Write the normal platelet count in adults.
3. Define megakaryopoiesis.
4. Where are platelets produced?
5. Write the main function of platelets.
6. How many platelets are produced from one megakaryocyte?
Q1. Explain the production of platelets (Megakaryopoiesis) with a neat diagram.
Q2. Describe the structure (ultrastructure), normal count, and functions of
platelets.
 Platelets
 Megakaryocytes

Chapter 14: Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
1. Define hemostasis.
2. Name the components of blood clotting.
3. Differentiate between primary and secondary hemostasis.
4. Name the three coagulation pathways.
5. What is fibrinolysis?
6. Name the coagulation factors involved in blood clotting.
7. What is the function of thrombin?
8. What is the function of plasmin?
Q1. Explain the mechanism (steps) of blood clotting with a neat diagram.
Q2. Describe the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways of coagulation.
Q3. Explain the coagulation factors and their role in blood clotting.
Q4. Describe the fibrinolytic system and its significance.

Chapter 15: Tests of Hemostatic Function
1. What are the causes of abnormal bleeding?
2. Enumerate the first-line (screening) tests performed in a bleeding patient.
3. What is Prothrombin Time (PT)?
4. What is Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)?
5. What is Thrombin Time (TT)?
6. What are Mixing Studies?
7. Differentiate between PT and APTT.
Q1. Describe the first-line laboratory investigations for a patient with abnormal
bleeding.
Q2. Explain PT, APTT, and TT with their normal values and clinical
significance.
Q3. Describe the coagulation screening tests and the pathways they assess.
Q4. Explain the principle and importance of Mixing Studies.

Chapter 16: Bleeding Disorders
1. Define bleeding disorders.
2. Classify bleeding disorders.
3. Define thrombocytopenia.
4. Enumerate the causes of thrombocytopenia.
5. Differentiate between platelet adhesion and platelet aggregation.
6. Differentiate between Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B.
7. What is Von Willebrand disease (VWD)?
8. Name the laboratory tests used to investigate bleeding disorders.
Q1. Classify bleeding disorders with examples.
Q2. Define thrombocytopenia. Explain its causes and laboratory investigations.
Q3. Describe Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B with their laboratory findings.
Q4. Explain Von Willebrand disease, its clinical features, and laboratory
diagnosis.
Q5. Describe hereditary and acquired bleeding disorders.

Chapter 17: Bone Marrow Study
1. Define bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy.
2. Write the indications of bone marrow examination.
3. Write the contraindications of bone marrow examination.
4. Enumerate the common sites of bone marrow aspiration.
5. What is a "dry tap" in bone marrow aspiration?
6. Write the complications of bone marrow biopsy.
7. Differentiate between bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy.
Q1. Describe the sites and procedure of bone marrow aspiration.
Q2. Explain the indications, contraindications, and complications of bone
marrow biopsy.
Q3. Differentiate between bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy.
Q4. Explain the procedure of bone marrow trephine biopsy with a neat diagram.

Chapter 18: Introduction and Importance of
Blood Bank
Important Short Questions Define a Blood Bank.
1. What is safe blood?
2. Define IBTS.
3. Write the importance of IBTS.
4. Enumerate the functions of IBTS.
5. Name the laboratories (facilities) available in IBTS.
6. Write the blood components prepared in a component laboratory.
Q1. Explain the importance and functions of the Institute of Blood Transfusion
Services (IBTS).
Q2. Describe the services and facilities provided by IBTS.
Q3. Explain the functions of:
 Immunohematology Laboratory
 Screening Laboratory
 Component Laboratory
Q4. Write a note on safe blood and its importance in blood transfusion.

Chapter 19: Blood Group System (ABO)
1. Define the ABO blood group system.
2. Name the four ABO blood groups.
3. Write the antigens and antibodies of ABO blood groups.
4. Explain the inheritance of the ABO blood group system.
5. What is H substance?
6. What is Bombay blood group (Oh)?
7. Define secretors and non-secretors.
8. What are the subgroups of blood group A?
9. What type of antibodies are present in the ABO blood group system?
Q1. Explain the ABO blood group system with antigens and antibodies.
Q2. Describe the inheritance of the ABO blood group system.
Q3. Explain the formation of A and B antigens from H substance with a neat
diagram.
Q4. Describe the Bombay blood group (Oh) and its significance in blood
transfusion.
 Secretors and Non-secretors
 Subgroups of A (A₁ and A₂)

Chapter 20: Rh Blood Group System
1. Define the Rh blood group system.
2. Name the important antigens of the Rh system.
3. What is the most immunogenic Rh antigen?
4. Differentiate between Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood.
5. Write the characteristics of Rh antibodies.
6. What is the significance of Rh antibodies?
7. Differentiate between Fisher-Race theory and Wiener theory.
8. What is Rh null blood?
Q1. Describe the Rh blood group system, its antigens, and clinical significance.
Q2. Explain the characteristics and significance of Rh antibodies.
Q3. Describe the inheritance (Fisher-Race and Wiener theories) of the Rh blood
group system.
Q4. Explain Rh incompatibility and Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN).

Chapter 21: Compatibility Test (Cross Match)
1. Define cross match (compatibility test).
2. Write the purpose (significance) of cross matching.
3. Name the phases of cross match.
4. What is the Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)?
5. What is the "Type and Screen" policy?
6. Write the problems encountered during cross matching.
7. What is rouleaux formation?
Q1. Define cross match. Explain its purpose and procedure.
Q2. Describe the phases of cross matching.
Q3. Explain the significance of cross matching and the "Type and Screen"
policy.
Q4. Discuss the causes (problems) of incompatible cross match.

Chapter 22: Antiglobulin (Coombs') Test
1. Define the Coombs (Antiglobulin) test.
2. State the principle of the Coombs test.
3. Name the types of Coombs test.
4. Differentiate between Direct Coombs Test (DAT) and Indirect Coombs Test (IAT).
5. Write the indications (uses) of the Direct Coombs Test.
6. Write the indications (uses) of the Indirect Coombs Test.
7. Write the causes of a positive Direct Coombs Test.
8. Write the sources of error (false-negative results) in the Coombs test.
Q1. Explain the principle and procedure of the Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT).
Q2. Explain the principle and procedure of the Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT).
Q3. Differentiate between Direct and Indirect Coombs tests.
Q4. Describe the interpretation of Direct Coombs Test results.
Q5. Explain the sources of error in the Antiglobulin (Coombs) test.

Chapter 23: Blood Donation Process
1. Define blood donation.
2. Write the blood donor selection criteria.
3. Enumerate the temporary (deferral) conditions for blood donation.
4. Enumerate the permanent deferral conditions for blood donation.
5. Write the screening tests performed on donor blood.
6. Write the storage temperature of red cells, platelets, and plasma.
7. Name the different types of blood bags used for blood collection.
8. Write the donor eligibility criteria (age, weight, hemoglobin, etc.).
Q1. Explain the steps of the blood donation process.
Q2. Describe the blood donor selection criteria and physical examination.
Q3. Explain the screening tests performed on donor blood before transfusion.
Q4. Describe the storage and transportation of donor blood.
Q5. Differentiate between temporary and permanent donor deferral with
examples.

Chapter 24: Blood Transfusion and Its Adverse Effects
1. Define blood transfusion.
2. Enumerate the blood components prepared from whole blood.
3. Write the storage conditions of red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and
cryoprecipitate.
4. Define hemolytic transfusion reaction.
5. What is Febrile Non-Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNHTR)?
6. What is Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)?
7. What is Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO)?
8. Enumerate the adverse effects (complications) of blood transfusion.
Q1. Describe the blood components prepared from whole blood and their storage
conditions.
Q2. Explain the adverse effects (complications) of blood transfusion.
Q3. Describe the preparation, storage, and clinical uses of blood components.
Q4. Explain the infectious and non-infectious complications of blood transfusion.

Punjab Medical Faculty (PMF) F.Sc. MLT 2nd Year | Hematology & Blood Banking Important Questions | Most Repeated

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