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Predation and Competition.pptx for 12th Biology

The document discusses population interactions in ecosystems, focusing on predation and competition. Predators and prey exhibit various adaptations for survival, while competition between species impacts resource distribution and ecological balance. Key concepts include Gause's exclusion principle, competition types, and MacArthur’s theory of resource partitioning.

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predation and competition Population interactions between organisms
01 This topic includes 3 sub topics. 03 This topic includes 1 sub topic. 02 Camouflage, Bluffing, Chemical adaptation etc. 04 Gause’s Experiments and Mac Arthur’s theory. Table of contents PREDATION COMPETITION ADAPTATIONS EXPERIMENTS
PREDATION Predation is the interaction between prey and a predator, where the energy flows from one organism to the other. The predator is the organism that feeds on other organisms called prey.
WHAT ARE PREDATORS ?
Predators are organisms that hunt and kill other organisms for food. The organisms that are consumed by the predators are known as the prey. Predators can be carnivores and omnivores. Lions, tigers, sharks, and snakes, all are predators. Predators can also fall prey to other large animals depending on where they fall in the food chain. E.g. a snake is a predator to a mouse, but prey to a hawk.
WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT? Predators are important for ecosystem due to following reasons : ● They keep prey population under control. ● They help in maintaining species diversity. ● They act as conduits for energy transfer across trophic levels. ● They reduce intensity of competition among competing prey species.
HERBIVORES These include animals such as cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep, and deer, that consume plants and plant products. Carnivorous predators kill and eat their prey. They include large animals such as the lion and tiger. TYPES OF PREDATORS CARNIVORES PARASITES 01 02 03 These predators live in the body of the host and derive nutrients from its body for survival and reproduction. In this, the host suffers a loss of energy.
Predators and prey adapt in the following ways in order to attack and defend : PREDATORS: ● The predators use camouflage that helps them to hide from their prey so that they can make a sudden attack. This also prevents them from any dangerous defense mechanism a predator might have. ● Their mechanical adaptations such as sharp teeth, claws, thick skin and faster speed and superior strength help them to take over the prey. ● The chemical adaptations include venom, toxins and poison to kill the prey. They have also evolved chemical adaptations that protect them from the chemical defenses of the prey, e.g. monarch PREDATOR AND PREY ADAPTATIONS PREYS: ● Camouflage is an adaptation in which a species evolves to resemble its background. It is the technique used by many animals of resembling and blending in with their surroundings. ● Many animals live in groups, which means that there are more eyes and ears to look out for predators. If one senses danger, the entire group is alerted and can run for safety. ● Bluffing is used by some animals to fool their predators into thinking they are dangerous, already dead, or hurt. Some may copy the behavior of a dangerous animal.
COMPETITION Competition is a population interaction between two closely related species that are fighting for the same resources. Competition is harmful for both the species involved, and the stronger partner outlives the weaker one, sometimes driving the weaker one to extinction.
TYPES OF COMPETITION ● Intraspecific Competition :- It is the competition between individuals within a particular species. An example is the Silver gorilla. The alpha or dominant male mates with the female gorillas within a group. ● Interspecific competition :- It is the competition between individuals of different species for a common resource. For example, in the South American lakes, both the visiting flamingoes and the resident fishes feed on zooplankton. ● Interference Competition :- The feeding efficiency of one species might be reduced due to the interfering of another species. For instance, the Abingdon tortoise in Galapagos Islands became extinct after goats were introduced.
EXPERIMENTS ON COMPETITION Gause’s Exclusion Principle :- The principle of competitive exclusion was proposed by G.F. Gause which states that two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist. This law is also known as Gause’s law. One population will drive off the other one. If any of the members of the depleted population remains, that would be because they have adapted themselves according to the different niche. Competitive Release :- A species restricted to a small geographical area because of the presence of a competitively superior species, is found to expand its distributional range when the competing species is experimentally removed. This is called competitive release.
Resource Partitioning :- If one or both the species belonging to the same niche evolve to use different resources or develop different feeding habits, competitive exclusion can be avoided. Due to this evolution, the species start using non-overlapping resources resulting in different niches. This is termed a Resource Partitioning. This helps the species to exist together. MacArthur’s Theory of Resource Partitioning :- According to the mechanism of resource partitioning (supported by MacArthur), if two species compete for the same resource, they could avoid competition by choosing, for instance, different times for feeding or different foraging patterns. MacArthur showed that five closely related species of warblers living on the same tree were able to avoid competition and co-exist due to behavioral differences in their foraging activities.
CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik THANKS! What’s your level of understanding this topic ? Name :- Omansh Shukla Class :- XII ‘A’ Subject :- Biology FACT :- Over 37,000 species are threatened with extinction. That is 28 % of all species.