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Precision Agriculture: Modern Agricultural Technology

The document discusses the evolution and importance of precision agriculture, highlighting its transformation from traditional farming to a technology-driven approach that enhances productivity while minimizing environmental impact. It elaborates on the various tools, techniques, and benefits of precision farming, such as improved crop yield, reduced resource costs, and better management decisions. Additionally, it addresses the challenges and opportunities in adopting precision agriculture across different regions, emphasizing its potential to meet the needs of a growing global population sustainably.

Environment◦
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Dr. S. Marimuthu., Ph.D. Asst. Professor (AGR) SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Introduction • 1900’s – high mechanization – one farmer produced food to 26 people • Green revolution – feed to 155 people • 2050 – 9.6 billion global – 265 people in same area • 3rd wave of modern Agri. Revolution – “PA” Transform Agriculture ………..? • From Productive to Profitable agriculture? • From Sustainable to Competitive agriculture? • From Production driven to Market driven? • From Localised to Globalised Agriculture Yes , Here is the Precise Model.
• USA (1980’s) – 1st input as fertilizer & pH change • Pioneer: USA, Canada & Australia • Precise application of agricultural input with respect to soil, weather & crop need in order to improve productivity, quality & profitability in agriculture • Art & science of utilizing advanced technologies for enhancing crop production while minimizing potential environmental pollution • “Satellite farming or Site Specific Crop Management (SSCM) or Digital Agriculture or As needed farming or Smart farming” Definition
Precision Agriculture is Technology Precision farming Conservation farming Optimizing crop yield, & economic and environmental benefits Mgnt strategy (Considering variability) to increase productivity & economic returns with a reduce impact on the environment Long term ecological & economical sustainable farming • Right input • Right source • Right amount • Right place • Right time • Minimum soil disturbance • Permanent soil cover • Crop diversification NOT
Objectives of precision farming • Increase production efficiency, • Improve product quality, • Reduce environmental degradation, • Conserve energy & protection of soil & ground water • Understand basic concepts and principles
Concepts of precision farming • Large field is divided into sub-fields, allowing variation of inputs in accordance with the data gathered • Overall yield increase, efficiency improvements, reduced production cost, better decision making in agricultural management, accumulation of farmers knowledge - better management with time
Need for precision agriculture • For assessing and managing field variability • For higher productivity • For increasing the effectiveness of inputs • For maximum use of minimum land unit • The right thing in the right place at right time
What precision farming can do? • Improve crop yield • Give information to better management decisions • Reduce chemical and fertilizer costs through more efficient application • Provide more accurate farm records • Increase profit margin • Reduce pollution • Efficient use of water resources • Dissemination of modern farm practices to improve quality, quantity & reduced cost of production in agricultural crops
The scope of precision farming • Soil property sampling - GPS can be used to locate soils • Tillage - varying depth and plant residue • Planting - varying seeding rate • Fertilizing - varying fertilizer and app. Rate • Spraying - varying rate of application • Crop scouting - remotely sensing areas that affect crop yield • Harvesting - yield monitoring
Stages of precision farming • Geolocation of data • Characterizing variability: (Intra and inter-field variability - climate, soil, pest & diseases, weed) – Spatial & temporal variation • Decision-making: (Predictive & Control approach) - decision-support models ( stimulation model) • Implementing practices to variability • Evaluation – economics, environment and technology transfer)
Tools in Precision Farming Yield monitors Sensors - PA Remote sensing system Stationary & other sensors On the go sensors Soil sensors Plant sensors Targeted properties • Texture, OM, SM, pH, • Nutrients, Compaction Plant sensors Measurement Principle • Electric & Electromagnetic • Optical & Radiometric • Mechanical • Acoustic & pneumatic • Electro-chemical Targeted properties • DMP, Level of nutrient deficit • Weed population • Water stress
Technologies employed • Remote sensing • Satellite navigation system • Global Information System, • Global Position System, • Variable Rate Technology • Automatic yield recording systems • Automatic soil sensor • Nano technology • Advanced farm management - Agronomy
Remote Sensing: The Complete Process • Sun (A) emits electromagnetic (B) to plants (C) • A portion of the electromagnetic energy is transmitted through the leaves. The sensor on the satellite detects the reflected energy (D) • Data is then transmitted to the ground station (E) • Data is analyzed (F) and displayed on field maps (G)
Technology transfer Global positioning systems (GPS) Geographic information systems (GIS) Grid Sampling Sensors – • Remote sensors and • Proximate sensors
Variable rate technology (VRT) • Map based - electronic map • Sensor-based VRA • Real-time sensors measure the desired properties - “On-the-go” sensor
Yield monitoring and mapping • Process of collecting georeferenced data on crop yield & characteristics, such as moisture content, while the crop is being harvested. Components of yield monitor • Grain flow sensor • Grain moisture sensor • Clean grain elevator speed sensor • GPS antenna • Yield monitor display with a GPS receiver • Header position sensor and Travel speed sensor Higher yields Lower yields
Precision Irrigation - PA • Applying water in the right place with the right amount
Robots for Precision Agriculture • Mechanical, artificial agent - electromechanical system –software programming - complicated tasks easy to perform • Chemical application, weed control, cloud seeding, planting seeds, harvesting, environmental monitoring & soil analysis
Mechanized sowing of major rainfed crops using precision planter cum herbicide applicator: a case study CRIDA Six Row Planter P. Planter Cum Herb. Applicator Laser sensor based tractor mounted herbicide applicator, Bhopal Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in estimating crop water Requirement, Nashik
‘Thulliya pannayam’ • Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri - largest precision farming experimental plots • National average yield of brinjal, tomato 16 & 17 tonnes/ha - Precision farmers got upto 350 & 150 tonnes/ha • Chisel plough, Raised bed, black pipes (drips), fertilized water (uranthani fertigation), drip irrigation
90% plus first grade on sorting
Tomato at Somanahalli: Examination for pest and diseases
Attention is our order…to yield 136 MT/Ha
Farm Women add quality always….by sorting, grading and labeling
Bumber Brinjal in winter No wonder…
Less weeds and less pathogens……
Brinjal Hybrid Fertigation Minimal flower drop and no fruit drop
100 % crop stand and 100 productive plants….
Onion under Fertigation Mixed cropping….better gains….
Paprika made the farmer crazy .never ending harvest….for months
Striking uniformity of marketable produces
Rhizome…. rhizome all the way……
Factors affecting adoption of PA Economics • Changes in costs • Changes in revenues • Cash Flow • Risk Alliances • Accurate GPS availability • Variable rate technology • Site specific management • Services availability • Financing Management • Data acquisition and analysis • Decision support system • Increased attention to management • Learning curve Environmental • Decrease input losses • Target nutrients to increase uptake efficiency
Advantages of precision farming • Agronomical perspective : Use agronomical practices by looking at specific requirements of crop. • Technical perspective: Allows efficient time management. • Environmental perspective: Eco-friendly practices in crop. • Economical perspective: Increases crop yield, quality and reduces cost of production by efficient use of farm inputs, labour, water etc.
Obstacles of precision farming  High cost  Lack of technical expertise knowledge and technology  Not applicable or difficult/costly small holdings  Heterogeneity of cropping systems and  Market imperfections  Culture and perceptions of the users  Lack of success stories  Land ownership, infrastructure & institutional constraints  Data availability, quality and costs.
Opportunities of Precision Agriculture • Business opportunities for precision farming technologies - GIS, GPS, RS and yield monitor systems - many developing countries • Punjab and Haryana, where farm mechanization is more common than in others, may be the first to adopt precision farming on a large scale • Japan - Quasi-governmental institute “Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institute (BRAIN)” - funding research on precision farming • Malaysia - Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) is promoting research on precision farming of upland rice
Agro-informatics and precision agriculture • Precision crop production • Precision crop protection • Precision horticulture • Precision livestock management • Precision forestry • Geospatial technologies in precision agriculture • Sensor technologies and wireless sensor networks in precision agriculture
Future thrust • Hope and can become a technology with wide implications • Changes will benefit the environment and increase the efficiency of agricultural production • Progressive farmers with guidance - public and private sectors, and agricultural associations, can adopt it in a limited scale • Technology that can help feed the growing population, keeping the environmental degradation to the minimum.
Conclusion • Precision farming is essential for serving dual purpose of enhancing productivity and reducing the ecological degradation • An innovative route for sustainable agriculture in globalized & liberalized economy Future Indian Farmer
Thanks a lot Email: marimuts@srmist.edu.in Mobile: 86681 70431