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Department of botany Submitted by - Sonam Ratre BSc Bio 2nd Year Guided by - Mr. Punkaj Bharti Sir Assistant proffesor POACEAE FAMILY
CONTENTS • Texonomic classification • Important members • Poaceae family overview • Morphological and anatomy • Habitat and distribution • Floral formula and diagram • Economic importance
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION • Kingdom Plantae • Division Phanerogams • Subdivision Angiosperms • Class Monocotyledons • Order Glumaceae • Family Poaceae /Graminae • Genus Triticum • Species aestivum
IMPORTANT MEMBERS • Triticum aestivum ( wheat) • Oryza sativa (rice) • Hordeum vulgare (barely) • Zea mays (maize) • Pennisetum americanum (bajara) • Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) • Avena sativa (oat)
POACEAE • Overview: • The Poaceae family, commonly known as the grass family, is one of the most important plant families in the world. • Includes over 12,000 species of plants distributed globally, playing a significant role in agriculture, ecology, and industry.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POACEAE • General Features: • Herbaceous plants (non-woody). • Leaf structure: Narrow, long leaves with parallel venation. • Stem: Hollow, jointed stems called culms. • Inflorescence: Small, wind-pollinated flowers grouped in spikelets. • Fruit: Caryopsis (grain), where the seed is fused to the fruit wall. • Leaf Arrangement: Alternate and spiral with a ligule at the junction with the stem.
• Found in all regions of the world, but primarily in temperate and tropical climates. • Grasses dominate many ecosystems such as savannas, prairies, and temperate grasslands. • Also adapted to wetlands and desert margins. Habitat and Distribution
ANATOMY OF POACEAE • Leaf Anatomy: • Leaf blade: Long, narrow, with parallel veins. • Ligule: A small outgrowth at the leaf junction. • Stem Anatomy: • Nodes: The solid parts where leaves and branches emerge. • Internodes: Hollow sections between the nodes. • Root System: • Fibrous root system that develops from the base of the plant.
POACEAE FLOWERS AND POLLINATION • Flowers: • Small, unisexual, typically lacking showy petals or sepals. • Arranged in spikelets, which are the basic unit of the grass flower. • Pollination: • Primarily wind-pollinated (anemophilous), meaning flowers release large amounts of pollen. • This makes grasses highly effective in large populations and agricultural fields.
INFLORESCENCE • Spike: A simple inflorescence with flowers directly on the stem, e.g., wheat. • Panicle: A branched inflorescence with flowers on small branches, e.g., rice and maize. • Raceme: A type of inflorescence with flowers on individual stalks, e.g., barley.
PERIANTH • Combination of calyx and corolla is called perianth . • Two minute lodicule borne below the reproductive part of flower Androecium : 3 stamen polyandrous anther versatile inferior Gynoecium : monocarpellary ovary superior basal placentation ,unilocular
FLORAL FORMULA AND FLORAL DIAGRAM Your text here
POACEAE AND CLIMATE CHANGE • Impact on Agriculture: • Changing rainfall patterns and higher temperatures can affect the productivity of Poaceae crops like wheat and rice. • Adaptation Strategies: • Breeding drought-resistant and heat-tolerant varieties to cope with climate change. • Carbon Sequestration: • Bamboo and other Poaceae species can store significant amounts of carbon, helping to mitigate climate change.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE • Food Triticum aestivum (wheat) ,Oryza sativa (rice) ,zea mays (maize) ,Sorghum vulgare (jowar ),Avena sativa ( oats ) . • Sugar Sachharum officinarum ( sugarcane; H Ganna ) is cultivated for gur and sugar . • Building materials Some species of Bambusa e.g B. tulda, B. vulgaris are used for scoffolding ,thatching huts etc. • Paper It is manufactured from certain species of grasses and bamboos.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE • Furniture Species of dendrocalamus (H. Bent ), Arundinaria, melocalamus are used in manufacture of ferniture. • Medicinal Phragmites karka ,cymbopogon schoenanthus etc. are medicinal.secale cereal is cultivated for extraction of ergotine . Ergotine is an excellent remedy gor uterine contraction • Ornamental Rhynchelytrum repens, cortaderia selloana and some species of the tribe bambusoideae are ornamentals Besides these a number of grasses are grown to form fine lawns, play ground etc.
IMPORTANT MCQ • Which of the following is NOT a member of the Poaceae family? • a) Rice b) Wheat c) Maize d) Potato • Answer: d) Potato • What is the inflorescence type typically found in the Poaceae family? • a) Raceme b) Panicle c) Umbel d) Spike • Answer: b) Panicle
MCQ • Which of the following plants produces a fruit called a caryopsis? • a) Apple b) Pea c) Wheat d) Mango • Answer: c) Wheat • 4. Which of the following is the main characteristic of the leaf structure in Poaceae family members? • a) Simple leaves with reticulate venation b) Parallel venation with narrow leaves c) Compound leaves with opposite arrangement d) Broad leaves with net-like venation • Answer: b) Parallel venation with narrow leaves
REFERENCE • "Plant Biology" by B.P. Pandey • "Textbook of Botany" by P.C. Verma • Internet source
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